The Image of Zheng He and Early Ming Expeditions to the Western Ocean (1405-1433) in Xi Jinping’s Speeches and Articles (2010s–2023)

 
PIIS086919080031959-1-1
DOI10.31696/S086919080031959-1
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
HSE University
Address: Russian Federation,
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 5
Pages58-69
Abstract

This article marks the first attempt of a complex analysis of appeals to the image of Zheng He and early Ming maritime expeditions (1405–1433) in the present PRC head’s rhetoric: in the beginning, history of the formation and transformation of the image of Zheng He and the early Ming naval expeditions prior to the coming to power of the current leader of the PRC was briefly analyzed; then I collected a corpus of Xi Jinping’s speeches and articles from the 2010s until 2023 in which Zheng He and the expeditions under his command were mentioned; after that I outlined several main topics for illustration and argumentation of which the image of the great Chinese navigator is used (history of good neighborly relations between China and a particular country; history of China’s international relations and the Maritime Silk Road; contrast between Zheng He expeditions and the colonial policy of European powers); finally, I traced the evolution of the portrayal of this image and designated its probable causes.In addition, the historical accuracy of some of Xi Jinping’s statements was assessed. Thus, it was demonstrated that Zheng He’s voyages were not purely peaceful events, and the fleet’s visit to the Philippine islands is not confirmed by the data from historical sources. I come to the conclusion that with the further continuation of the current political and economic course of China, the name of Zheng He will continue to increasingly appear in the rhetoric of high-ranking political figures in China as well as their foreign counterparts.

 

KeywordsChina, Zheng He, Ming empire, Xi Jingping, historical memory, soft power
Received10.08.2024
Publication date27.10.2024
Number of characters24754
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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

2 Китай традиционно считается одной из самых древних цивилизаций в мире, а как любят подчёркивать сами китайцы – древнейшей, которая сохранилась и существует до сих пор. В связи с длинной историей, ранним появлением письменности и изобретением долговечного материала для письма – бумаги – уже во время первого объединения Китая под властью Цинь Шихуанди в III в. до н.э. начала постепенно оформляться официальная историографическая традиция, которая впоследствии обрела вид нормативных историй (正史). Так как официальные истории традиционно составлялись последующей династией, это был один из главных способов и инструментов легитимизации её прихода к власти, а также формирования той исторической памяти о предшествующем правящем доме, которая была угодна новому.
3 В целом, постепенно в официальной китайской историографии сформировалось два основных направления политики исторической памяти: возвеличивание определённых ярких событий прошлого, связанных с успехами дипломатии, военными победами, достижениями в сферах культуры, технологий и т.д.; и, напротив, напоминание о «национальных унижениях» Китая. В частности, в китайской историографии сформировались такие термины как «век национального унижения» (百年国耻) и «неравноправные договора» (不平等条约) в отношении XIX в. и договоров с европейскими державами.
4 По большей части современная политика памяти в мире направлена на события новой и новейшей истории, этому в том числе способствует большое число мест памяти, связанных с ними. В зарубежной историографии есть достаточно большое количество работ по различным темам в этом временном диапазоне в отношении Китая [Denton, 2014; Zheng Wang, 2012].
5 Тем не менее, в случае политики памяти самого Китая зачастую именно более ранние периоды истории играют не меньшую роль в формировании исторической памяти народа, в частности, герои прошлого, к которым относится Чжэн Хэ. В этой временной рамке отечественные и зарубежные исследования ограничиваются буквально несколькими работами [Возчиков, 2015; Davies, 2012; Hon Tze-ki, 2012]. Что до историографии об образе Чжэн Хэ в современном Китае и за рубежом, он преимущественно рассматривается в рамках концепции «мягкой силы» и так называемого «духа Чжэн Хэ» (郑和精神), также есть фундаментальные разборы исследований определённых исторических тем, связанных с Чжэн Хэ [Holmes, 2006; Xiang Yiyuan, Luo Yanchao, 2023; Hompot, 2023]. Однако при этом анализ апеллирования к этой исторической личности в риторике политических деятелей, насколько нам известно, ограничивается всего одной краткой статьёй на русском языке, авторы которой, будучи сотрудниками военного университета, преимущественно рассматривали образ Чжэн Хэ в рамках продвижения Китая как морской державы [Швец, Виноградов, 2021].
6 Кроме того, необходимо понимать, что трактовка некоторых аспектов личности Чжэн Хэ и характера раннеминских морских экспедиций может в значительной степени измениться с обнаружением новых археологических и эпиграфических первоисточников, как уже было продемонстрировано в наших предыдущих статьях [Колнин, 2024a; Колнин, 2024b].

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