Standards and Society: to the Question of the History of Standardization

Occupation: Head of Department; Senior Research Fellow
Affiliation:
State Public Historical Library of Russia
Institute of World History RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow

Journal name

Novaia i noveishaia istoriia

Edition

Issue 5

Pages

171-180

Abstract

The article examines the problem of searching for new methodological approaches to the study of the history of standardization of the XVIII—XX centuries, analyzes the experience of theoretical interpretation of standardization in the 1920s, emphasizes the importance of studying standardization processes in Russia and foreign countries, identifies advantages and disadvantages of standardization, identifies areas, the study of which would help to perceive the standards in a different way.

Keywords

history of standardization, unification processes, theory of standardization, social and technical standards

Received

10.10.2018

Publication date

10.10.2018

Number of characters

29681

Cite

GOST	Novichenko I. Standards and Society: to the Question of the History of Standardization // Novaia i noveishaia istoriia – 2018. – Issue 5 C. 171-180 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://nni.jes.su/S013038640001428-8-1 (circulation date: 25.04.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S013038640001428-8
MLA	Novichenko, Irina "Standards and Society: to the Question of the History of Standardization." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia 5 (2018):171-180. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640001428-8
APA	Novichenko I. (2018). Standards and Society: to the Question of the History of Standardization. Novaia i noveishaia istoriia (5), pp.171-180 DOI: 10.31857/S013038640001428-8

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1. Po opredeleniyu GOST — «Standartizatsiya — ehto vysokoehffektivnoe sredstvo uporyadocheniya vsej nauchnoj i khozyajstvennoj deyatel'nosti obschestva. Tseli — povyshenie urovnya bezopasnosti, obespecheniya, sozdaniya i sodejstviya provedeniyu rabot po unifikatsii. Glavnaya tsel' — povyshenie konkurentosposobnosti produktsii, rabot i uslug». GOST R 1.12-2004 Standartizatsiya v Rossijskoj Federatsii. Terminy i opredeleniya.

2. Izmereniya, obespechenie ikh edinstva, metody i sredstva dostizheniya trebuemoj tochnosti izuchaet metrologiya. Istoricheskaya metrologiya ustanavlivaet, ostavalis' li te ili inye mery postoyannymi na protyazhenii vekov ili izmenyalis', kak razvivalos' primenenie mer v torgovo-promyshlennoj praktike i v bytu, kak sozdavalis' i razvivalis' sistemy mer, kak postepenno osuschestvlyalos' edinstvo mer i t.d. Podrobnee ob istoricheskoj metrologii sm.: Tarasenko-Otreshkov N. I. Vvedenie v Rossii mezhdunarodnoj metricheskoj sistemy vesa, mery i monety. SPb., 1871; Khvol'son O. O metricheskoj sisteme mer i vesov i o ee vvedenii v Rossii. SPb., 1884; Kamentseva E. I. Russkaya metrologiya. M., 1975; Shost'in N. A. Ocherki istorii russkoj metrologii XI — nachalo XX veka. M., 1990; Shevtsov V. V. Istoricheskaya metrologiya Rossii. Tomsk, 2007.

3. Monograficheskikh issledovanij otyskat' ne udalos', predstavlyayu lish' dve stat'i na ehtu temu: Russell A. L. Standardization in History: A Review Essay with an Eye to the Future. — The Standards Edge: Future Generations. Ann Arbor, 2005; Wenzlhuemer R. The History of Standardisation in Europe (2010). — URL. http://www.ieg-ego.eu/wenzlhuemerr-2010-en

4. Garriman N. Standarty i standartizatsiya. L. — M., 1932, s. 90.

5. Garbots G. Standartizatsiya v promyshlennosti. M., 1926, s. 4. Dlya nemetskoj shkoly standartizatsii kharakterno ispol'zovanie terminov — «normirovanie» i «normalizatsiya», «tipizatsiya», v SShA — «standartizatsiya», vo Frantsii — «ratsionalizatsiya» i «normirovanie».

6. Podrobnee o sistemakh klassifikatsii standartov, sm.: Garbots G. Ukaz. soch., s. 1-3; Lage G. Normalizatsiya i standartizatsiya promyshlennosti v narodnom i mirovom khozyajstve. M., 1924; Fourgeaud A. La Rationalisation. États-Unis. Allemagne. Taylorisme. Socialisme rationnel. Fordisme. Normalisation. Agriculture. Concentration. Moules économiques et juridiques. Essai de synthèse doctrinale. Paris, 1929.

7. Sotsial'nomu aspektu standartizatsii udelyalos' ser'eznoe vnimanie, sm.: Les aspects sociaux de la rationalisation, Études préliminaires. Genève, 1931.

8. Fuko M. Nadzirat' i nakazyvat'. Rozhdenie tyur'my (1975). M., 1999, s. 319.

9. Tam zhe, s. 323.

10. Bentham J. The Principles of Morals and Legislation. — The Works of Jeremy Bentham, pt. I. Edinburgh, 1838; Panopticon, or the Inspection House: applicable to prisons, workhouses, madhouses, hospitals, schools, etc. — Ibid., pt. III.; Mill J. S. Utilitarianism. London, 1888.

11. Fuko M. Ukaz. soch., s. 209.

12. Tam zhe, s. 214.

13. Tam zhe, s. 225.

14. Podrobnee sm. Landels J. G. Engineering in the ancient world. London, 1978.

15. Schmoller G. Ueber das Maschinenzeitalter in seinem Zusammenhand mit dem Volkswohlstand und der sozialen Verfassung der Volkswirtschaft, Vortrag gehalten in der Hauptversammlung des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure zu München am 30. Juni 1903. Berlin, 1903. Osnovnoj trud G. Shmollera pereveden na russkij yazyk: Shmoller G. F. Narodnoe khozyajstvo, nauka o narodnom khozyajstve i ee metody; khozyajstvo, nravy i pravo; razdelenie truda. M., 1902.

16. Uchreditelyami vystupili pyat' obschestvennykh organizatsij: Institut grazhdanskikh inzhenerov, Institut inzhenerov-mekhanikov, Institut zheleza i stali, Institut inzhenerov-sudostroitelej i Institut inzhenerov-ehlektrikov.

17. Podrobnee sm. Vudvard D. Istoriya standartizatsii v Velikobritanii. M., 1975.

18. Podrobnee sm. Standardization in Measurement. Philosophical, Historical and Sociological Issues. London — Routledge, 2015.

19. Po istorii standartizatsii v SShA podrobnee sm.: Smith M. R. Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology. Ithaca, 1977; Kireev A. N. Standartizatsiya v SShA. Ehkonomicheskie aspekty i problemy organizatsii. M., 1982; Hounshell D. A. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800—1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore, 1984; Usselman S. W. Regulating Railroad Innovation. Business, Technology, and Politics in America, 1840—1920. Cambridge, 2002. Problema sotsial'noj otvetstvennosti i nravstvennosti amerikanskikh inzhenerov pri utverzhdenii standartov blestyaschee raskryta v issledovaniyakh: Wiebe R. H. The Search for Order. 1877—1920. New York, 1967; Layton E. T. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Baltimore, 1986. Detal'noe istoricheskoe issledovanie standartov vremeni: Ogle V. The Global Transformation of Time, 1870—1950. Cambridge, 2015.

20. Podrobnee istoriyu Natsional'nogo byuro standartov SShA sm. Perry J. The Story of Standards. New York, 1955.

21. Garriman N. Ukaz. soch., s. 40.

22. V evropejskikh stranakh rabochie borolis' so standartizatsiej (tochnee s popytkami povysheniya intensifikatsii i ehffektivnosti truda bez uvelicheniya zarabotnoj platy), podrobnee sm.: La lutte de la classe ouvrière contre la rationalisation capitaliste. Paris, [s.d.] (izdanie kompartii Frantsii); Rabaté O. Rationalisation et Action syndicale, Discours prononcé par O. Rabaté au Congrès fé dé ral de métaux (14—15—16 Décembre 1927) suivi de la Résolution-Programme. Paris, 1928; Béracha S. Rationalisation et révolution. Paris, 1930.

23. Psikhotekhnika — nauka i iskusstvo po otboru, obucheniyu, rukovodstvu i ispol'zovaniyu lyudej.

24. Standartizatsiya v narodnom khozyajstve SSSR 1917—1967. M., 1967; 50 let standartizatsii v SSSR: 1925—1975. M., 1975; Shukhgal'ter L. Ya. 50 let standartizatsii v SSSR (1925—1975). Istoricheskij ocherk. M., 1975; Kufman M. I., Chernyagova V. N. 60 let standartizatsii v SSSR, 1925—1985: osnovnye sobytiya i fakty. M., 1985; Standartizatsiya v SSSR. 60 let (1925—1985 gg.). M., 1985; Standartizatsiya v Rossii 1925—2000. M., 2000; Standartizatsiya v Rossii. 1925—2005. M., 2005. V edinstvennoj stat'e, posvyaschennoj istoriografii istorii standartizatsii, vse vyshe perechislennye raboty voobsche ne upomyanuty, sm. Fat'kina E. I. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya istoriografiya istorii standartizatsii. — Klio, 2016, № 4 (112).

25. Krome TsIT problemu NOT aktivno razrabatyvali Kazanskij institut nauchnoj organizatsii truda (I. M. Burdyanskij), Vseukrainskij institut truda (F. R. Dunaevskij), Taganrogskij institut nauchnoj organizatsii proizvodstva (P. M. Esmanskij), Gosudarstvennyj institut tekhniki upravleniya pri NK RKI (E. F. Rozmirovich), Tsentral'naya laboratoriya po izucheniyu truda (V. M. Bekhterev).

26. Podrobnee sm.: Trudy Pervoj vserossijskoj initsiativnoj konferentsii po nauchnoj organizatsii truda i proizvodstva. 20—27 yanvarya 1921 goda, vyp.1—6. M., 1921; Kerzhentsev P. M. NOT. Nauchnaya organizatsiya truda i zadachi partii. M., 1923; Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po NOT. Rezolyutsii 2-oj Vsesoyuznoj konferentsii po NOT. (10—16 marta 1924 g.). M., 1924; Not v SSSR. M., 1924; Burdyanskij I. M. Nauchnaya organizatsiya truda. L., 1925; Elovskikh V. I. NOT i khronometrazh, ikh znachenie i praktika. [B.m.], 1925; Podgaetskij V. Chto takoe nauchnaya organizatsiya truda (NOT). Khar'kov, 1925; Drezen Eh. Osnovy NOT’a, organizatsiya truda. L. — M., 1925; Rabchinskij I. V. Promyshlennyj kapital i novaya shkola NOT v Amerike. M., 1925; Popov A. G. Tekhnicheskoe normirovanie kak osnovnoj metod ratsionalizatsii proizvodstva na printsipakh NOT. L. — M., 1926; Pal'chinskij V. O. Nauchnaya organizatsiya nauchnogo truda. Odessa, 1927; Burdyanskij I. M. Osnovy ratsionalizatsii proizvodstva. M., 1931; Nauchnaya organizatsiya truda dvadtsatykh godov. Kazan', 1965; TsIT i ego metody NOT. M., 1970, i dr.

27. Sm. podrobnee: Voprosy standartizatsii. Sb. statej. Khar'kov, 1926; Papernov Z. A. Puti standartizatsii. M., 1929.

28. Shukhgal'ter L. Ya. Ukaz. soch., s. 11—14. O sokraschenii assortimenta sm. Kalabugina N. N. Istoriya razvitiya standartizatsii v SSSR. Organizatsiya rabot po standartizatsii. Tallin, 1962.

29. Sm. podrobnee Gnatovskij S. O. Standartizatsiya v 1932 godu. M. — L., 1932.

30. Shukhgal'ter L. Ya. Ukaz. soch., s. 39.

31. Orlov B. Issledovanie standartizatsii kak faktora progressa nauki i tekhniki (analiz s pozitsij naukovedeniya). M., 1968, s.4. Podrobnee o kritike sm. Lifits I. M. Standartizatsiya, met- rologiya i podtverzhdenie sootvetstviya. M., 2009.

32. Sm. podrobnee: Vasil'ev A. L. Rossiya v XXI veke. Kachestvo zhizni i standartizatsiya. M., 2003; Pluschevskij M. B. Avtorskie “standarty ponimaniya“ (v dopolnenie k sotsial'nym i natsional'nym standartam). M., 2009; Bunin G. P., Plotnikov A. V., Plushevskij M. B. Standartizatsiya i standartosofiya na sluzhbe tsivilizatsii (proshloe, nastoyaschee, buduschee). M., 2011; Okrepilov V. V. Perspektivy razvitiya standartizatsii kak instrumenta innovatsionnogo razvitiya. — Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2013, № 1; ego zhe. Rol' standartizatsii v ustojchivom razvitii soobschestv. — Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2015, № 1. V zarubezhnykh issledovaniyakh o sotsial'nykh i tekhnicheskikh problemakh i buduschem standartizatsii sm.: Krislov S. How Nations Choose Product Standards and Standards Change Nations. Pittsburgh, 1997; Landenberg T. Standardization and Expectations. Berlin, 2006.