All
 
|
 
 


The Institution of Comitatus among the Turks of Inner Asia (the Main Points of the Interpretation of Written and Archaeological Sources)
 
PIIS086919080002867-0-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080002867-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Nikolai Seregin 
Occupation: Associated Professor of Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology of Altai State University
Affiliation: Altai State University
Address: Russian Federation, Barnaul
Vladimir V. Tishin
Occupation: Senior Research Fellow of the Department of History and Culture of Central Asia on the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the RAS
Affiliation: Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Ulan-Ude
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 6
Pages47-65
Abstract

Using the written sources and archaeological data, the article analyses the problem of an existence of comitatus ‘armed forces, retainers, war bands’ among the Turkic peoples. These tribal groups established a polity in the second half of the sixth century CE that existed than may until the early eighth century. The authors discuss historical terms mentioned in various written sources be possibly identified with the comitatus. According to the authors, one may only conjecture the existence of certain military communities associated with the higher elite. The authors also attract sources to the Uighur and Yenisei Kyrgyz. The military groups of the Turkic elites could be a guard, bodyguards or usual retainers with a wide range of their functions. There is no evidence of their formal organization. Archaeological materials allow one to distinguish only a social strata linked to warfare and defined as “professional warriors” for the sake of convenience.

Keywordscomitatus, Türks, Inner Asia, written sources, archaeological materials, social reconstructions
AcknowledgmentThe article was prepared with the support of the RFBR, research project “The Elites of the ancient Turks of Central Asia (a comprehensive analysis of the archaeological and written sources)” (No. 16-31-01029а2) and in the framework of the RSF project “Formation and evolution of livelihood systems among the nomadic societies of Altai and adjacent territories in late antiquity and the middle ages: an integrated reconstruction” (No. 16-18-10033).
Received25.12.2018
Publication date27.12.2018
Cite   Download pdf To download PDF you should sign in
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной

views: 1521

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Barthold W. Die historische Bedeutung der alttürkischen Inschriften. Radloff W. Die Alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, Neue Folge. Nebst einer Abhandlung von W. Barthold: Die Historische Bedeutung der alttürkischen Inschriften. St. Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1897. Pp. 1–36.
2. Bartol’d V.V.  Prilozhenie k “Otchetu o poezdke v Sredniuiu Aziiu s nauchnoiu tsel’iu. 1893–1894 gg.” Bartol’d V.V. Sochineniia. V 9 t. Vol. 8. Raboty po istochnikovedeniiu. Moscow: Nauka, 1973. Pp. 23–62.
3. Bartol’d V.V. [Review on] Léon Cahun, Introduction á l’histoire de l’Asie. Turcs et Mongols des origines á 1405. Paris, 1896. Bartol’d V.V. Sochineniia. V 9 t. Vol. 5. Raboty po istorii i filologii tiurkskikh i mongol'skikh narodov Moscow: Nauka, 1968. Pp. 238–252.
4. Battulga Ts. Mongolyn runi bichgiin baga dursgaluud. Ulaanbaatar, 2005, terg üün devter.
5. Beckwith Ch. Aspects of the Early History of the Central Asian Guard Corps in Islam. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. T. 4. 1984. Pp. 29–43.
6. Bernshtam A.N. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskii stroi orkhono-eniseiskikh tiurok 6–8 vv. Vostochnotiurkskii kaganat i kyrgyzy. Moscow – Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1946.
7. Berta Á. Die Verteilung der Militärischen Termini in den Runeninschriften. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1994, vol. 47, no 1/2. Pp. 49–56.
8. Caferoğlu A. Türk tarihinde ‘Nöker’ ve ‘Nöker-zâdeler’ müessesesi. IV. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara 10–14 Kasım 1948. Kongreye sunulan tebliğler. İstanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1952. Pp. 251–261.
9. Clauson G. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
10. Clauson G. Turks and Wolves. Studia Orientalia Edidit Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1964, t. 28, fasc. 2. Pp. 3–22.
11. Çağatay S., Tezcan S. Köktürk tarihinin önemli bir belgesi: Sogutça Bugut yazıtı. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı, Belleten 1975–1976. Ankara, 1976. Pp. 245–252.
12. Divitçioğlu S. Orta-Asya Türk İmparatorluğu VI.–VIII. Yüzyıllar. Kök Türkler’in Yenilenmiş 3. baskısı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2005.
13. Dobrovits M. Buyruq: egy ótörök tisztségnév anatómiája. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis: Acta Historica, 2002, T. 112. Pp. 49–62.
14. Doerfer G. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Bd. II. Türkische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1965.
15. Donuk A. Eski Türk Devletlerinde İdarî-askerî Ünvan ve Terimler. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1988.
16. Drevnetiurkskii slovar’, eds. V.M. Nadeliaev, D.M. Nasilov, E.R. Tenishev, A.M. Shcherbak. Leningrad: Nauka, 1969.
17. Ecsedy I. A Note on “Slavery” in the Turk Rulers’ Burial Customs. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. T. 42, fasc. 1. 1988. Pp. 3–16.
18. Erkoç H.İ. Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi): Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara, 2008.
19. Gavrilova A.A. Mogil’nik Kudyrge kak istochnik po istorii altaiskikh plemen. Moscow; Leningrad: Nauka, 1965.
20. Gharib B. Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English. Tehran: Farhangan Publications, 1995.
21. Giraud R. L’Empire des Turcs Célestes. Les règnes d’Elterich, Qapghan et Bilgä (680–734). Contribution à l’histoire des Turcs d’Asie Centrale. Illustré de 4 cartes en hors texte. Paris: Librairie d’Amerique et d’Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1960.
22. Golden P. Some Notes on the “Comitatus” in Medieval Eurasia with Special Reference to the Khazars. Russian History, 2001, vol. 28, no. 1/4. Festschrift for Thomas S. Noonan: January 20, 1938 – June 15, 2001. Pp. 153–170.
23. Golden P. Tiurki-khazary – guliamy na sluzhbe u khalifov. Khazary, eds. V. Petrukhin, V. Moskovich, A. Fedorchuk, A. Kulik, D. Shapira. Jerusalem – Moscow: Gesharim; Mosty kul’tury, 2005. Pp. 458–482.
24. Gorbunov V.V. Voennoe delo srednevekovogo naseleniia Altaia (3–14 vv. n.e.): avtoref. dis. … d-ra ist. nauk. Barnaul, 2006.
25. Gorbunov V.V. Voennoe iskusstvo altaiskikh tiurok v rannem srednevekov’e. Vooruzhenie i voennoe delo kochevnikov Sibiri i Tsentral'noi Azii, ed. Iu.S. Khudiakov, S.G. Skobelev. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State Univ., 2007. Pp. 85–98.
26. Gökalp Z. Türklerde Milli İktisat Devreleri. Gökalp Z. Makaleler VIII. Ed. F. Rağıp Tuncor. Ankara: Gündüz Matbaası, 1981. Pp. 88–96.
27. Györffy G. Die Rolle des buyruq in der alttürkischen Gesellschaft. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. T. 11. 1960. Pp. 169–179.
28. Gumilev L.N. Drevnie tiurki. Moscow: Nauka, 1967.
29. Hóng Yǒngmíng [洪勇明]. Gǔdài tūjué wén “sūjí bēi” xīnshì [古代突厥文《苏吉碑》新释]. Zhōngyāng mínzú dàxué xuébào (zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn) [中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)]. 2010 Nián. Dì 1 qī. Dì 37 juǎn (zǒng dì 188 qī). Pp. 122–128 [第1 期. 第37 卷 (总第188 期). 122–128 页].
30. Iudin V.P. Retsenziia na “Drevnetiurkskie runicheskie pamiatniki…” S.G. Kliashtornogo. Iudin V.P. Tsentral’naia Aziia v 14–18 vekakh glazami vostokoveda. Almaty: Daik-Press, 2001. Pp. 271–285.
31. İnan A. Göçebe Türk Boylarında Evlâtlık Müesseseleriyle İlgili Gelenekler. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi. T. 6, vol. 3. 1948. Pp. 127–137.
32. Kamalov A.K. Drevnie uigury 8–9 vv. Almaty: Izd. dom “Nash mir”, 2001.
33. Kasai Yukiyo. Die alttürkischen Wörter aus Natur und Gesellschaft in chinesischen Quellen (6. und 9. Jh.). Der Ausgangsterminus der chinesischen Transkription tū jué 突厥. “Die Wunder der Schöpfung”. Mensch und Natur in der türksprachigen Welt, eds. B. Heuer, B. Kellner-Heinkele, C. Schönig. Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 2012. Pp. 81–141.
34. Kasai Yukiyo. The Chinese Phonetic Transcriptions of Old Turkish Words in the Chinese Sources from 6th – 9th Century: Focused on the Original Word Transcribed as tū jué 突厥. 内陸アジア言語の研 究 [Nairiku ajia gengo no kenkyū] / Studies on the Inner Asian languages. Vol. 29. 2014. Pp. 57–135.
35. Kitabi-Dədə Qorqud. Əsil və sadələşdirilmiş mətnlər. Comp. S. Əlizadə; ed. T. Hacıev. Bakı: Öndər nəşriyyat, 2004.
36. Kljaštornyj S.G. Les Points Litigieux dans l’Histoire des Turcs Anciens. History of the Turkic Peoples in the Pre-Islamic Period. Ed. H.R. Roemer with the assistance of W.E. Scharlipp. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2000. Pp. 146–176.
37. Kliashtornyi S.G. Istoriia Tsentral’noi Azii i pamiatniki runicheskogo pis’ma. St. Petersburg: Filologocal faculty of SPb.GU, 2003.
38. Kliashtornyi S.G. Pamiatniki drevnetiurkskoi pis’mennosti i etnokul’turnaia istoriia Tsentral’noi Azii. Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 2006.
39. Kliashtornyi S.G. Runicheskie pamiatniki Uigurskogo kaganata i istoriia evraziiskikh stepei. Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoie vostokovedenie, 2010.
40. Kliashtornyi S.G. Vtoraia Bai-Bulunskaia stela. Drevnie tiurki v Tsentral’noi Tuve (po materialam rabot Saiano-Tuvinskoi ekspeditsii). Ed. D.G. Savinov. St. Petersburg: ElekSis, 2013. Pp. 223–229.
41. Kniga moego deda Korkuta. Oguzskii geroicheskii epos. Transl. V.V. Bartol’d. Moscow – Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1962.
42. Kormushin I.V. Tiurkskie eniseiskie epitafii. Teksty i issledovaniia. Moscow: Nauka, 1997.
43. Kormushin I.V. Tiurkskie eniseiskie epitafii. Grammatika, tekstologiia. Moscow: Nauka, 2008.
44. Kocheev V.A., Surazakov A.S. Kurgany mogil’nikov Iabogan I i II. Arkheologicheskie i fol’klornye istochniki po istorii Altaia. Ed. A.S. Surazakov. Gorno-Altaisk: GANIIIIaL, 1994. Pp. 70–81.
45. Krader L. Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads. The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1963.
46. Kychanov E.I. Istoriia prigranichnykh s Kitaem drevnikh i srednevekovykh gosudarstv (ot gunnov do man’chzhurov), 2nd ed, revised and expanded. Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoie lingvisticheskoie obshchestvo, 2010.
47. Lipets R.S. Obrazy batyra i ego konia v tiurko-mongol’skom epose. Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
48. Liu Mau-tsai. Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T’u-küe). I. Buch. Texte; II. Buch. Anmerkungen, Anhänge, Index. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1958.
49. Maḥmūd al-Kāšĝarī. Dīwān Luĝāt at-Turk (Svod tiurkskikh slov). Transl. A.R. Rustamov; ed. I.V. Kormushin; comment. I.V. Kormushin, E.A. Potseluevskii, A.R. Rustamov. Vol. 1. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura RAN, 2010.
50. Martinez A.P. Gardīzī’s Two Chapters on the Turks. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. T. II. 1982. Pp. 109–217.
51. Márton A. A katonai kíséret és az ótörök bujruk tisztségnév viszonya a kora-középkori steppe. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis: Acta Historica. Vol. 106. 1998. Pp. 38–44.
52. Melioranskii P.M. Pamiatnik v chest, Kiul.-Tegina. S dvumia tablitsami nadpisei, Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniia Russkogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva. Vol. 12. Issues 2–3. 1899. Pp. 1–144.
53. Mogil’nikov V.A. Kurgan 85 Kara-Koby-I i nekotorye itogi izucheniia drevnetiurkskikh pamiatnikov Altaia v sviazi s issledovaniiami v Kara-Kobe. Istochniki po istorii Respubliki Altai. Ed. A.S. Surazakov. Gorno-Altaisk: GAIGI, 1997. Pp. 187–234.
54. Németh Gy. A honfoglaló Magyarság kialakulása, 2nd, extended and revised ed., ed. B. Árpád. Második, bővített és átdolgozott kiadás. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1991.
55. Osawa T. Aspects of the Old Turkic Social System Based on Fictitious Kinship (the analysis of the term  in the Orkhon-Yenisei epitaphs). Kinship in the Altaic World (Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10–15 July, 2005). Ed. by E.V. Boikova, R.B. Rybakov. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006. Pp. 219–230.
56. Ovchinnikova B.B. Drevnetiurkskie zakhoroneniia v podboiakh v Tsentral’noi Tuve. Drevnii i srednevekovyi Vostok. Istoriia i filologiia (problemy istochnikovedeniia). Ed. D.D. Vasil’ev, S.V. Volkov. Moscow: Nauka, 1984. Pp. 215–223.
57. Ovchinnikova B.B. Pogrebenie drevnetiurkskogo voina v Tsentral’noi Tuve. Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1982. No. 3. Pp. 210–218.
58. Ögel B. Türk Kültürünün Gelişme Çağları. Vol. 1–2. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1971.
59. Prіtsak O. Pokhodzhennia Rusі. Vol. 1. Starodavni skandinavski dzherela (krim islands’kikh sag). Kyïv: Oberegi, 1997.
60. Pritsak O. The Origin of Rus’. Cambridge (Mass.). Vol. 1. Old Scandinavian Sources other than the Sagas. Harvard University Press, 1981.
61. Pritsak O. The Slavs and the Avars, Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nell’alto Medioevo, 15–21 aprile 1982. Vol. I. Spoleto: Presso la Sede del Centro, 1983. Pp. 353–435.
62. Radloff W. Die Alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, 3rd ed. Saint Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1895.
63. Roux J.-P. Les chiffres symboliques 7 et 9 chez les Turcs non musulmans. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 1965, vol. 168, no 1. Pp. 29–53.
64. Rukhliadev D.V. Drevnetiurkskie runicheskie nadpisi 8–9 vv. kak pamiatnik istoriografii: genezis zhanra i struktura teksta: dis. … kand. ist. nauk. Saint Petersburg, 2005.
65. Rybatzki V. Die Personennamen und Titel der Mittelmongolischen Dokumente. Eine lexikalische Untersuchung. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino Oy, 2006.
66. Savinov D.G. Drevnetiurkskie kurgany Uzuntala (k voprosu o vydelenii kuraiskoi kul’tury), Arkheologiia Severnoi Azii. Ed. A.K. Konopatskii, Iu.S. Khudiakov. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1982. Pp. 102–122.
67. Savinov D.G. Parnyi kenotaf drevnetiurkskogo vremeni. Problemy proiskhozhdeniia i etnicheskoi istorii tiurkskikh narodov Sibiri. Ed. N.A. Tomilov. Tomsk: TGU, 1987. Pp. 80–89.
68. Seregin N.N. Sotsial’naia organizatsiia rannesrednevekovykh tiurok Altae-Saianskogo regiona i Tsentral’noi Azii (po materialam pogrebal'nykh kompleksov). Barnaul: Altai Univ., 2013.
69. Seregin N.N. “Simvolicheskie” zakhoroneniia rannesrednevekovykh tiurok Altae-Saianskogo regiona. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii. 2015. No 1(28). Pp. 47–55.
70. Sharaf al-Zamān Tạ̄ hir. Marvazī on China, Turks and India. Arabic Text (circa A.D. 1120) with the English translaton and commentary by V. Minorsky. London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942.
71. Sinor D. The Legendary Origin of the Türks. Folklorica: Festschrift for Felix J. Oinas. Eds. E.V. Žygas, P. Voorheis. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1982. Pp. 223–257.
72. Stark S. Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2008.
73. Szűcz J. Nemzet és történelem: Tanulmányok, 3rd ed. Budapest: Godndolat Kiadó, 1984.
74. Szűcz J. “Gentilizmus”. A barbár etnikai tudat kérdése (Knadidátusi ért. téz.). Budapest, 1971.
75. Şirin User H. Eski Türkçede Bazı Unvanların Yapısı Üzerine. Bilig Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2006. Vol. 39. Pp. 219–236.
76. Şirin User H. Köktürk ve Ötüken Uygur Kağanlığı Yazıtları. Söz Varlığı İncelemesi. Konya: Kömen Yayınları, 2009.
77. Taşağıl A. Gök-Türkler I, 2nd ed. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2003.
78. Thomsen V. Alttürkische Inschriften aus der Mongolei in Übersetzung und mit Einleitung (Ausg. von H. Schaeder). Zeitschrifi der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Geselhchaft. Bd. 78. 1924. Pp. 121–175.
79. Thomsen V. Moğolistandaki Türkçe Kitabeler. Türkiyat Mecmuası. Vol. 3. 1935. Pp. 81–118.
80. Tishkin A.A., Gorbunov V.V. Kompleks arkheologicheskikh pamiatnikov v doline r. Biike (Gornyi Altai). Barnaul: Altai Univ., 2005.
81. Tolybekov S.E. Obshchestvenno-ekonomicheskii stroi kazakhov v 17–19 vekakh. Alma-Ata: Kazakhskoie gosudarstvennoie Izdatel’stvo, 1959.
82. Trepavlov V.V. Altaiskii geroicheskii epos kak istochnik po istorii rannei gosudarstvennosti. Fol’klornoe nasledie Gornogo Altaia, ed. V.I. Edokov. Gorno-Altaisk, 1989. Pp. 125–171.
83. Tuna O.N. Bazı İmlâ Gelenekleri Bunların Metin İncelemelerindeki Önemi ve Orhon Yazıtları’nda Birkaç Açıklama. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı, Belleten 1957, 2nd ed. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basimevi, 1988. Pp. 41–81.
84. Vásáry I. Nép és ország a türköknél. Nomád társadalmak és államalakulatok (Tanulmányok). Ed. by F. Tőkei. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1983. Pp. 189–213.
85. Vasiutin S.A. “Druzhinnye pogrebeniia”: kriterii i interpretatsii (na primere rannesrednevekovykh pamiatnikov Saiano-Altaia i Tsentral'noi Azii). Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Sibiri i Tsentral’noi Azii (problemy interpretatsii i sokhraneniia): int. conference papers mezhdunar. Ed. V.V. Bobrov. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2016. Pp. 19–23.
86. Voitov V.E. Drevnetiurkskii panteon i model‘ mirozdaniia v kul’tovo-pominal’nykh pamiatnikakh Mongolii 6–8 vv. Moscow: GMV, 1996.
87. Wilkens J. Remarks on a Topos in rhe Orkhon Inscriptions. Ötüken’den İstanbul’a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010), 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul: Bildiriler. From Ötüken to İstanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010), 3th – 5th December 2010, Istanbul: Papers. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 2011. Pp. 255–274.
88. Yıldırım F., Aydın E., Alimov R. Yenisey–Kirgizistan Yazıtları ve Irk Bitig. Ankara: BilgeSu, 2013.
89. Yoshida Y. Some New Readings in the Sogdian Version of Karabalgasun Inscription. Ötüken’den İstanbul’a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010), 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul: Bildiriler. From Ötüken to İstanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010), 3th – 5th December 2010, Istanbul: Papers. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 2011. Pp. 77–86.
90. Zuev Iu.A. Drevnetiurkskie genealogicheskie predaniia kak istochnik po rannei istorii tiurkov: dis. ... kand. ist. nauk. Alma-Ata, 1967.
91. Zuev Iu.A. O formakh etno-sotsial’noi organizatsii narodov Tsentral’noi Azii v drevnosti i srednevekov’e: Pestraia Orda, Sotnia. Voennoe iskusstvo kochevnikov Tsentral’noi Azii i Kazakhstana (epokha drevnosti i srednevekov’ia). Ed. N.Zh. Shakhanova. Almaty, 1998. Pp. 49–100.
92. Zuev Iu.A. Rannie tiurki: ocherki istorii i ideologii. Almaty: Daik-Press, 2002.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up