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Archaeological culture of the Late Roman period in the piedmont Crimea
 
PIIS086960630004115-5-1
DOI10.31857/S086960630004115-5
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
I. Khrapunov 
Affiliation: Crimean Federal University
Address: Simferopol, Russia
Journal nameRossiiskaia arkheologiia
EditionIssue 1
Pages32-49
Abstract

In Crimea, a group of sites representing necropolises has been discovered and partially explored. They are located in the piedmont areas of the peninsula, dating back to the 2nd–4th centuries BC. The sites share certain similarity, while differing in the most significant characteristics from all other archaeological sites. The necropolises together form a single archaeological culture. It can be called the Neyzats archaeological culture after its most comprehensively studied site – the necropolis of Neyzats. This culture is eclectic in many respects, distinguished by signs of different origins. Handmade vessels provide a striking originality to it. Despite some borrowings, the handmade pottery complex is not reduced to any of the well-known pottery traditions, nor to the sum of any traditions. Another feature of the culture is the lack of settlements. None of the necropolises is associated with a dwelling structure. Most of the necropolises ceased to be used at the late 4th– early 5th century, at the time when, according to written sources, the Huns appeared in the Northern Black Sea region.

KeywordsCrimea, the Late Roman period, necropolises, archaeological culture, the Neyzats culture, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Germans
Publication date28.03.2019
Number of characters23948
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1 В предгорном Крыму открыты могильники, вероятно, относящиеся к одной археологической культуре. Речь идет о следующих памятниках: Курское (Труфанов, Колтухов, 2001–2002; Труфанов, 2004, 2012), Нейзац (Храпунов, 2011а; 2016а), Дружное (Храпунов, 2002), Опушки (Стоянова, 2012; Храпунов, Мульд, 2005; Храпунов, Стоянова, 2013), Заречное (Масякин, 2010), Перевальное (Пуздровский 1994), Озерное III (Лобода, 1977), Красная Заря (Белый, Неневоля, 1994. С. 254, 255; Пуздровский, Зайцев, Неневоля, 2001. С. 32; Неневоля, Волошинов, 2001), Тас-Тепе (Пуздровский, Зайцев, Неневоля, 2001. С. 32, 33), Вишневое (Пуздровский и др., 2001. С. 33, 34), Суворово (Зайцев, 1997; Зайцев, Мордвинцева, 2003; Юрочкин, Труфанов, 2003), Бельбек III (Гущина, 1970; 1974. С. 33, 52-54; Филиппенко и др., 2016), Красный Мак (Лобода, 2005), Алмалык-Дере (Mączyńska et al., 2016), Сувлу-Кая (Masyakin et al., 2013), Инкерманский (Веймарн, 1963), Чернореченский (Бабенчиков, 1963; Храпунов, Стоянова, 2016а), Килен-Балка (Нессель, 2003; Контны, Савеля, 2006).
2 Сходство перечисленных выше некрополей по многим показателям очевидно. Поэтому исследователи, несмотря на многочисленные разночтения в интерпретациях, принадлежность крымских предгорных могильников позднеримского времени к единой археологической культуре принимают как факт «по умолчанию». Представляется важным и актуальным определить хронологические и территориальные границы, выделить особенности погребальных сооружений, обрядов и инвентаря, которые, с одной стороны, позволят констатировать культурное сходство группы некрополей, а с другой – отличить их от всех других известных памятников.
3 Все перечисленные могильники находятся в пределах предгорной провинции Горного Крыма. С юга их ареал ограничен Главной грядой Крымских гор, с севера – степью (рис. 1).
4 Хронология. Могильники исследованы не равномерно, поэтому о многих нюансах их хронологии судить приходится предположительно. Полнее других раскопан некрополь Нейзац. На его территории непрерывно хоронили с рубежа I–II до конца IV – начала V в. н.э. Большинство памятников – Курское, Дружное, Озерное III, Вишневое, Суворово, Чернореченский – датируются III–IV вв. Расположенные неподалеку друг от друга, а также вблизи Херсонеса, Инкерманский и Чернореченский могильники не были заброшены, как все остальные некрополи, на рубеже позднеримского времени и эпохи Великого переселения народов, в них хоронили и в раннем средневековье. Алмалык-Дере и Красный Мак возникли гораздо позже остальных могильников, в середине или второй половине IV в. и продолжали использоваться в V в. (Алмалык-Дере и много позднее).
5 Погребальные сооружения. Обсуждаемые могильники состоят из земляных склепов, подбойных и грунтовых могил. В качестве редкого исключения встречаются плитовые могилы (Стоянова, 2013). Каждый склеп состоял из входной ямы, короткого дромоса и погребальной камеры. Прямоугольные в плане входные ямы, как правило, имели в длину 2.5–3 м. В длинной стене входной ямы иногда устраивали подбой и там совершали захоронение. Дромос выкапывали между короткой стеной входной ямы и погребальной камерой. Расстояние между стеной входной ямы и погребальной камерой составляло 0.3–0.8 м, между стенами дромоса – 0.5–1. Вход в дромос делался в виде арки высотой 0.6–0.7 м. Он закрывался каменными плитами.

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