Social Sciences and Global Turbulence: Rebooting the Mainstream

 
PIIS013122270013718-0-1
DOI 10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-100-113
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Director
Affiliation: Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 16, S. Kovalevskoi Str., Ekaterinburg, 620137, Russian Federation.
Occupation: Principal Researcher
Affiliation: Institute of Philosophy and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch
Address: 16 Sofii Kovalevskoi Str., Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 65 Issue 1
Pages100-113
Abstract

After the collapse of the bipolar world, the neoliberal mainstream emerged in the global hierarchy of social sciences, built on three axiomatic pillars: Western domination, capitalism (free market) and liberalism (the value of individual autonomy). Nowadays, one can more and more often witness criticism and disintegration of the mainstream, which claimed the universality of descriptions and legitimation of modern societies that have reached the end of history in the form of open-access liberal market democracies. The purpose of the article is to find out how transformations of the prevailing political and economic orders, configurations of the subjects of geopolitical dominance and their legitimate metaphors determine the direction of changes in the social sciences mainstream. The hypothesis of the research is that the prevailing principles of stratification and distribution of public resources will be less and less valuable and institutionally related to capitalism, market and democracy, since an appeal to the latter does not lead to an increase in the available opportunities for the majority of the population in practice. The global change in social ontology, the structure of economic reproduction and legitimate foundations of the political order bring about a drop in the credibility and relevance of mainstream concepts focused on the axiomatics of market values and liberal rhetoric. Intellectual attempts to restore the relevance of the neoliberal mainstream through the construction of local utopias (flat world, creative class, knowledge economy, etc.), the introduction of complementary concepts of civil repair (J. Alexander), sociocultural trauma (P. Shtompka), unworthy government (bad governance), dependence on previous development (path dependence) or gauge (N. Rozov) do not save from growing conceptual stretch. Formation of a society without tangible economic growth and a declining need for mass labor leads to the inevitable transformation of the mainstream. Alternative and peripheral theories that describe the contours of a global future mainly in non-market, non-capitalist and, possibly, non-liberal categories are becoming more influential. These are concepts that fix new formats for the distribution of public resources, less and less connected with the market, democracy and hegemony of the West, but increasingly  – with rental mechanisms, distributive political regulation and differentiated value of different social groups for the national state.

Keywordssocial sciences, mainstream, metaphor, alternative, crisis of legitimation, center-periphery, rent, rental society, social ontology, social stratification
AcknowledgmentThe article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Expert Institute of Social Research ("опн"). Project no. 20-011-31025 "Alternatives to Political Mainstream amidst the Crisis of the Global World Order".
Received04.02.2021
Publication date08.02.2021
Number of characters50715
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1 Имеет место устойчивая точка зрения, согласно которой “поскольку наука интересуется устойчивым и типичным, основная задача языка любой науки, наряду с собственно коммуникативной, подготовка предмета исследования к математическим методам интерпретации. Вне таких методов современная наука не существует” [1, с. 68]. Представляется, что такие редукционистские утверждения применимы только к естественным наукам, нацеленным на поиск истины, в которых возможно полное разделение субъекта и объекта. Если общественные науки претендуют на определение блага для общества и/или человека, которые неизбежно являются включенными в объект исследования, то подобная редукционистская задача неразрешима в принципе. Более того, эта задача неразрешима даже в квантовой физике, в которой измерение объекта одновременно является его изменением.
2 Ключевая цель общественных наук – предложение вариантов урегулирования насущных социальных проблем, исходя из результатов осмысления социально-политических феноменов и процессов. Решая подобные задачи, общественные науки одновременно выполняют функции легитимации политического порядка, а это их специфическая функция, которая напрямую отсутствует у наук о природе [2, с. 251]. Доминирующая парадигма, в рамках которой осуществляется такое осмысление и легитимация, будет далее называться социально-политическим или обществоведческим мейнстримом. Политология, социология, экономика и в целом науки об обществе имеют общие метапарадигмальные основания, сформировавшиеся до их дисциплинарного разделения, из которых проистекают совместные базовые представления о человеке и обществе, сакральном и профанном [3]. Мейнстрим в качестве ценностного ядра образуется на пересечении всех проблемных полей общественных наук в конкретно-историческое время, характеризуясь синтетической природой. Существует не всегда очевидная связь социологических, экономических, политологических парадигм с определенными идеологиями и утопиями, политико-экономическими порядками, с интересами определенных социальных групп, а также участниками борьбы за классовое и геополитическое доминирование. По мере утраты доминирующих позиций классовыми, геополитическими, экономическими субъектами, исходя из интересов которых были сформулированы парадигматические основания мейнстрима, предлагаемые последним постановки исследовательских вопросов и решения разного рода задач становятся все менее адекватными. В то же время с уменьшением влияния прежних субъектов доминирования, утратой эвристичности отвечающих их интересам научных теорий, появляются предпосылки для формирования новых научных парадигм. Тем самым, мейнстрим репрезентирует общество, воспринятое сквозь призму классовых интересов доминирующих групп и их представлений, определяющих в данный исторический момент социальную норму и основания социально-политического и экономического порядка [4].

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