New Dimensions of Identity Politics: Contested Memories in History Museums of the 20th Century

 
PIIS013122270010237-1-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-5-16-32
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Deputy Director
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 64 Issue 5
Pages16-32
Abstract

The author considers politics of memory as a key component of identity politics promoted by the nation state and views social history museums representing memories of the recent past as key actors involved in national identity formation. A comparative analysis of a range of new exhibitions recently set up in European museums of the 20th century history in countries with a story of empire, a postcolonial legacy and a fascist past reveals important common features in presenting difficult pasts. This includes resorting to narrative history and to individual memories, appealing to everyday life as a depositary of national memory and a reflection of national identity, and promoting the representation of a growing cultural diversity of contemporary societies. Common to new exhibition spaces is also the domination of visual means of representation over artifacts in line with attempts to promote an emotional dialogue with an individual visitor and to engage with various communities bearing different collective memories. Today, museums are actively involved in reconsidering difficult pasts and in looking for new possibilities to present contested memories. The study also reveals notable differences in the agenda and in the intensity of public discussion of difficult national pasts, in the level of political engagement of various actors and their commitment to promote identity politics focused on social cohesion and development. These differences reflect changes in political culture and political identity transformations societies in Western Europe and Russia are currently undergoing. The research appeals to “new museology” and critical heritage studies and promotes a wide approach to understanding identity politics and a methodology of its critical assessment. Empirical data were collected by the author during her visits to leading West European and Russian social history museums and complemented by data available on museum websites.

Keywordsidentity politics, memory politics, historic narrative, political discourse, interest groups, communities, difficult past, contested memories, museum of social (contemporary) history, empire, postcolonialism, nation state, national identity, cultural heritage, “new museology”
Received14.04.2020
Publication date16.04.2020
Number of characters67027
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1 В последние несколько лет идентичность как вопрос политической повестки дня неизменно присутствует в публичном пространстве. Это пример стремительного укоренения в политическом дискурсе понятия, ранее привычного для сугубо научной дискуссии1. Последствия такого понятийного заимствования для понимания того, что такое идентичность в ее политическом измерении и как происходит ее утверждение в общественном сознании, очевидны: формирование идентичности стало ключевой проблемой практической политики государства. При этом частая и настойчивая, к месту и не к месту, апелляция к идентичности публичных политиков сопровождается размыванием содержательного наполнения самого концепта. Это и понятно: смысловая неопределенность дает, по существу, неограниченные возможности политического использования естественного стремления индивида ощущать себя частью сообщества. Очевидно и то, что картина мира современного человека в условиях новых угроз социальной (в широком смысле) безопасности подвержена разным влияниям и уязвима для манипулирования. Сказывается и противоречивое воздействие на политическое сознание и поведение информационных потоков и новейших технологий, когда фрагментарная информация и упрощенные визуальные образы вытесняют размышления о содержании социальных процессов и мотивациях их участников, подменяя смыслы впечатлениями и эмоциями. 1. Тематика идентичности на глазах становится частью интеллектуального мейнстрима: это состояние четко зафиксировал выход в 2018 г. небольшой книги Фрэнсиса Фукуямы, посвященной политике идентичности [3].
2

ПОЛИТИКА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ НАУЧНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ

3 Содержательная трактовка политики идентичности и возможностей ее применения в управленческих практиках оказывается далеко не однозначной. Вопрос о том, что такая политика действительно проводится в любом государстве, независимо от характера политического режима и культурных традиций, в целом не вызывает сегодня споров ни у исследователей, ни среди действующих политиков. При том, что она нечасто так именуется и редко трактуется как целенаправленная политическая деятельность или как самостоятельное направление политического курса, нацеленного на формирование национальной и политической идентичности.
4 Мейнстримом стала и массированная критика такой политики, причем под разными углами зрения – как ввиду опасностей индоктринации массовых групп со стороны политических элит, так и из-за реальных угроз навязывания выгодных одним группам приоритетов за счет других путем отстаивания “права на идентичность”. В этом случае речь идет о доминировании интересов групп меньшинств в ущерб большинству в том, что касается выбора культурных ориентиров публичной политики и утверждения ее ценностных основ (в обобщенном виде эти аргументы изложены, например, в упомянутой книге Ф. Фукуямы [3]). В социальной реальности ХХI в. «политическая культура сдалась под напором культурной политики, а эстетический опыт должен работать на продвижение “социального понимания”» [4, p. 608]. Тем более остро в прикладном, политико-управленческом контексте стоит вопрос о наполнении конкретным содержанием самого понятия “культурной политики”, или политики в сфере культуры. Такая политика не сводится к утвердившемуся в публичном пространстве пониманию – государственной поддержке инициатив в сфере традиционной, массовой или “высокой” культуры (то есть адресованному учреждениям культуры госзаказу или содействию работающим в сфере культуры НКО) и правовой охране памятников. Мотивационной основой культурной политики становится политика идентичности.

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