Blessed Idlers or Indolent Loafers: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries

Khrapunov, Nikita

doi:10.18254/S207987840024209-8

Home

ISTORIYA

Issue 1 (123)

“Blessed Idlers” or “Indolent Loafers”: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries

Annotation
Reviews
References

“Blessed Idlers” or “Indolent Loafers”: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries

PII

S207987840024209-8-1

DOI

10.18254/S207987840024209-8

Publication type

Article

Status

Published

Authors

Nikita Khrapunov

Affiliation: Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Address: Russian Federation, Simferopol

Journal name

ISTORIYA

Edition

Abstract

This paper discusses the origin and evolution of the stereotype of “laziness” of the Crimean Tatars, which appeared in Russian and foreign travel writings from the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It has been shown that this stereotype was a product of Western “armchair” knowledge of the Enlightenment, which produced the ideas of “terrestrial paradise” in faraway countries where lived the “noble savages”. Applying it to what was seen in the Crimea, the writers and scientists ignored the specificities of Muslim ethics and political-economic developments in the region. The reflections on the Crimean residents were sometimes influenced by subjective circumstances, such as conflicts with Tatars concerning the possession of land properties. The stereotype of “Tatar sloth” quickly established itself in public mind. It had real political consequences, as it influenced the actions of the government and private persons. Perhaps this stereotype was among the reasons why the integration of the Crimea into the Russian empire took a very long time.

Keywords

imagology, travelogues, Crimean Tatars, image, stereotype, “Tatar laziness”, defective perception

Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Megagrant project № 075-15-2022-1119.

Received

21.04.2022

Publication date

31.01.2023

Number of characters

57549

Cite

GOST	Khrapunov N. “Blessed Idlers” or “Indolent Loafers”: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries // ISTORIYA – 2023. – V. 14. – Issue 1 (123) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://history.jes.su/S207987840024209-8-1 (circulation date: 24.07.2024). DOI: 10.18254/S207987840024209-8
MLA	Khrapunov, Nikita "“Blessed Idlers” or “Indolent Loafers”: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries." ISTORIYA 14.1 (123) (2023) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840024209-8
APA	Khrapunov N. (2023). “Blessed Idlers” or “Indolent Loafers”: the Stereotype of Crimean Tatar Laziness in Russian and Foreign Mind in the Late of the 18th and 19th Centuries. ISTORIYA 14(1 (123)) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840024209-8

100 rub.

When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 128

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Adadurov V. V. «Napoleonіda» na skhodі Єvropi: uyavlennya, proekti ta dіyal'nіst' uryadu Frantsії schodo pіvdenno-zakhіdnikh okraїn Rosіjs'koї іmperії na pochatku XIX stolittya. L'vіv, 2007.

2. Aliev R. D. Posledstviya ehmigratsii krymskikh tatar v 60-kh gg. XIX v.: postanovka problemy // Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional'nogo universiteta im. V. I. Vernadskogo. Seriya «Istoricheskie nauki». 2014. T. 27. № 2. S. 10—16.

3. Verne O. Pri dvore Nikolaya I. Pis'ma iz Peterburga, 1842—1843 / per. s fr. D. Soloveva. M., 2008.

4. Vodarskij Ya. E., Eliseeva O. I., Kabuzan V. M. Naselenie Kryma v kontse XVIII — kontse KhKh vv. (chislennost', razmeschenie, ehtnicheskij sostav). M., 2002.

5. Vypiska iz puteshestvennykh zapisok Vasil'ya Zueva, kasayuschikhsya do poluostrova Kryma. 1782 goda // Sobranie sochinenij, vybrannykh iz mesyatseslovov na raznye gody. [Chast' 5] SPb., 1790. S. 265—303.

6. Gejsler Kh. G. G. Byt i nravy russkogo naroda na rubezhe XVIII—XIX vekov. M., 2015.

7. Gibadullin M. Z., Ayupov A. A., Nurieva A. R., Shagimardanov A. R. Predprinimatel'stvo i islam: rossijskij istoricheskij opyt. Kazan', 2016.

8. Gibal' P. Obozrenie Kryma, Novorossii i Kavkaza v dnevnike puteshestviya iz Odessy v Tiflis Polya Gibalya, 1818—1819 / per. s fr. T. P. Peters. M., 2017.

9. Gladyshev A. V. 1814 g.: «Varvary Severa» imeyut chest' privetstvovat' frantsuzov. M., 2019.

10. Godzhi D. Kolonizatsiya i tsivilizatsiya: russkaya model' glazami Didro / per. V. A. Mil'chinoj // Evropejskoe prosveschenie i tsivilizatsiya Rossii. M., 2004. S. 212—237.

11. Guminskij V. M. Russkaya literatura puteshestvij v mirovom istoriko-kul'turnom kontekste. M., 2017.

12. Danilevskij R. Yu. Rossiya i Shvejtsariya. Literaturnye svyazi XVIII—XIX vv. L., 1984.

13. Druzhinina E. I. Nachalo nauchnogo izucheniya Kryma // Voprosy sotsial'no-ehkonomicheskoj istorii i istochnikovedeniya perioda feodalizma v Rossii. Sbornik statej k 70-letiyu A. A. Novosel'skogo. M., 1961. S. 345—351.

14. Druzhinina E. I. Severnoe Prichernomor'e v 1775—1800 gg. M., 1959.

15. Druzhinina E. I. Yuzhnaya Ukraina v 1800—1825 gg. M.: Nauka, 1970.

16. Ezernik B. Dikaya Evropa. Balkany glazami zapadnykh puteshestvennikov / per. so slovensk. L. A. Kirilinoj. M., 2017.

17. Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkin. Lichnaya perepiska, 1769—1791 / podgot. V. S. Lopatin. M., 1997.

18. Zhukov K. Zametki v puti na yuzhnyj bereg Kryma. SPb., 1865.

19. Zametki i vospominaniya russkoj puteshestvennitsy po Rossii v 1845 g. Ch. 2. SPb., 1848.

20. Zemskov V. B. Obraz Rossii v sovremennom mire i drugie syuzhety. M., 2015.

21. Zorin A. Kormya dvuglavogo orla // Literatura i gosudarstvennaya ideologiya v Rossii v poslednej treti XVIII — pervoj treti XIX veka. M., 2004.

22. Ibneeva G. V. Imperskaya politika Ekateriny II v zerkale ventsenosnykh puteshestvij. M., 2009.

23. Iz vospominanij Mikhajlovskogo-Danilevskogo. Puteshestvie s imperatorom Aleksandrom I po yuzhnoj Rossii v 1818-m g. // Russkaya starina. 1897. Iyul'. S. 69—102.

24. Kaznacheev A. I. Partikulyarnye pis'ma grafu M. S. Vorontsovu. M., 2015.

25. Konkin D. V. Nekotorye aspekty zemel'nykh otnoshenij v Krymu v poslednem desyatiletii XVIII v. // Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i ehtnografii Tavrii. 2007. Vyp. 13. S. 483—501.

26. Konkin D. V. Pereselencheskaya politika i khozyajstvennye proekty v Krymu // Problemy integratsii Kryma v sostav Rossii, 1783—1825. Sevastopol', 2017. S. 231—243.

27. Konkin D. V. Rossijskie pomeschiki v Krymu (konets XVIII — nachalo XIX vv.): novye lyudi so starymi vzglyadami // Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i ehtnografii Tavrii. 2018. Vyp. 23. S. 756—768.

28. Konkin D. V. Zemleustroitel'nye komissii // Rossijskaya imperiya i Krym. Simferopol', 2020. S. 121—163.

29. Konkin D. V. «Obschij obzor pereseleniya krymskikh tatar» (1860—1861 gg.). Zapiska dlya imperatora Aleksandra II o polozhenii del v Krymu // Rossijskaya imperiya i Krym. Simferopol', 2020. S. 405—411.

30. Korf M. Materialy i cherty k biografii imperatora Nikolaya I i k istorii ego tsarstvovaniya. Rozhdenie i pervye dvadtsat' let zhizni (1796—1817 gg.) // Sbornik Imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obschestva. 1896. T. 98. C. 1—100.

31. Krymskij mif v russkoj kul'ture pervoj poloviny XIX v. Svod maloizvestnykh svidetel'stv sovremennikov / red. V. A. Koshelev. Velikij Novgorod; Simferopol'; Nizhnij Novgorod, 2017.

32. Kryukova O. S. Arkhetipicheskij obraz Italii v russkoj literature XIX veka. Avtoref. dis. d.f.n. M., 2007.

33. Kryukova O. S. Romanticheskij obraz Ukrainy v russkoj literature XIX v. M., 2017.

34. Kullanda M. V. Kejf-ritual i obraz zhizni // Vostochnaya kollektsiya. 2005. № 4. S. 146—153.

35. Kuchumov I. V., Mel'nik Eh. V., Sakhibgareeva L. F. Voobrazhaemoe puteshestvie k narodam Rossii // Levek P.-Sh. Istoriya narodov, podvlastnykh Rossii. SPb., 2016. S. 10—64.

36. Lapin I. S. Puteshestvie v blizhnyuyu Finlyandiyu: Vyborg, Keksgol'm i Karel'skij peresheek glazami russkikh puteshestvennikov XVIII — nachala KhKh vekov. SPb., 2021.

37. Laptev Yu. N. Pereselenie nemtsev v Krym i osnovanie kolonij (XIX v.) // Nemtsy v Krymu. Simferopol', 2000. S. 11—21.

38. Leskinen M. V. Polyaki i finny v rossijskoj nauke vtoroj poloviny XIX v.: «drugoj» skvoz' prizmu identichnosti. M., 2010.

39. Marzheret Zh. Sostoyanie Rossijskoj imperii / per. s fr. M., 2007.

40. Markevich A. I. Pereselenie krymskikh tatar v Turtsiyu v svyazi s dvizheniem naseleniya v Krymu. Ch. 1 // Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR. Otd. guman. nauk. 1928. S. 375—405.

41. Markevich A. Tavricheskaya guberniya vo vremya Krymskoj vojny po arkhivnym materialam. Simferopol', 1994.

42. Markov E. L. Ocherki Kryma. Kiev, 2006.

43. Maro shi V. V. «Ideal'nyj pejzazh» v travelogakh russkikh puteshestvennikov o Tsentral'noj Azii // Russkij travelog XVIII—XX vekov: marshruty, toposy, zhanry i narrativy. Novosibirsk, 2016. S. 37—68.

44. Montesk'e Sh. L. O dukhe zakonov / per. s fr. A. V. Mateshuka. M., 1999.

45. Otechestvovedenie. Rossiya po rasskazam puteshestvennikov i uchenym issledovaniyam. Uchebnoe posobie dlya uchaschikhsya / sost. D. Semenov. T. II. Yuzhnyj kraj: Malorossiya, Novorossiya, Krym i zemli Donskogo i Chernomorskogo vojska. Izd. 2-e. M., 1879.

46. Otkrytie «brat'ev-slavyan»: russkie puteshestvenniki na Balkanakh v pervoj polovine XIX v. / sost. M. V. Belov. SPb., 2018.

47. Pallas P.S. Kratkoe fizicheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie Tavricheskoj oblasti / per. s fr. I. Rizhskogo. SPb., 1795.

48. Pallas P. S. Nablyudeniya, sdelannye vo vremya puteshestviya po yuzhnym namestnichestvam Russkogo gosudarstva v 1793—1794 gg. / per. s nem. A. L. Bert'e-Delagarda, S. L. Belyavskoj. M., 1999.

49. Pimenova L. A. Puteshestvennik, «filosofy» i «dobrye dikari»: ehkspeditsiya Zh.-F. de Laperuza, 1785— 1788 gg. // Odissej. Chelovek v istorii. 2009. S. 115—129.

50. Prisoedinenie Kryma k Rossii, 1783—1796. Sbornik dokumentov / sost. N. Yu. Bolotina. M., 2019.

51. Problemy integratsii Kryma v sostav Rossii. 1783—1825 / red. N. I. Khrapunov, D. V. Konkin. Sevastopol', 2017.

52. Prusskaya E. A. Frantsuzskaya ehkspeditsiya v Egipet 1798—1801 gg.: vzaimnoe vospriyatie dvukh tsivilizatsiya. M., 2016.

53. Pushkin A. S. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij v desyati tomakh. T. 6. M.; L.,1950.

54. Rzheutskij V. S. Frantsuzy na russkikh dorogakh: immigratsionnaya politika Ekateriny II i formirovanie frantsuzskikh zemlyachestv v Rossii // Evropejskoe prosveschenie i tsivilizatsiya Rossii. M., 2004. S. 238—255.

55. Russo Zh.-Zh. Pedagogicheskie sochineniya. T. 1 / per. s fr. M.: Pedagogika, 1981.

56. Said Eh. V. Orientalizm. Zapadnye kontseptsii Vostoka / per. s angl. A. V. Govorunova. M., 2006.

57. Sebag-Montefiore S. Potemkin / per. s angl. N. Speranskoj, S. Panova. M., 2003.

58. Sivolap I. I. Pochemu Karamzin poekhal v Shvejtsariyu? // Rossiya i Evropa. Diplomatiya i kul'tura. M., 1995. S. 141—152.

59. Smekalina V. V. Russkie puteshestvenniki v Shvejtsarii vo vtoroj polovine XVIII — pervoj polovine XIX v. M.: Yazyki russkoj kul'tury, 2015.

60. Smirnov V. D. Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Ottomanskoj Porty. T. 2. M., 2005.

61. Sumarokov P. Puteshestvie po vsemu Krymu i Bessarabii v 1799 g. M., 1800.

62. Sumarokov P. Dosugi krymskogo sud'i, ili vtoroe puteshestvie v Tavridu. Ch. 1. SPb., 1803.

63. Sumarokov P. Dosugi krymskogo sud'i, ili vtoroe puteshestvie v Tavridu. Ch. 2. SPb., 1805.

64. Sytin A. K. Botanik Petr Simon Pallas. 2-e izd. M., 2014.

65. Taki V. Tsar' i sultan. Osmanskaya imperiya glazami rossiyan. M., 2017.

66. Tan'shina N. P. Rusofily i rusofoby. Priklyucheniya frantsuzov v nikolaevskoj Rossii. SPb., 2020.

67. Tolochko A. P. Kievskaya Rus' i Malorossiya v XIKh v. Kiev, 2012.

68. Trepavlov V. V. Ural i Sibir': obrazy i stereotipy // Obrazy regionov v obschestvennom soznanii i kul'ture Rossii (XVII—XIX vv.). Tula, 2011. S. 38—53.

69. Urushadze A. T. Kavkaz: vzaimodejstvie kul'tur (konets XVIII — seredina XIX vv.). Rostov-na-Donu, 2016.

70. Urushadze A. T. Rossijskaya imperiya i gruzinskoe obschestvo v XIX v.: vzaimo(ne)ponimanie // Chertkovskij istoricheskij sbornik. Vyp. 1: Obraz i lyudi Rossijskoj imperii. M., 2018. S. 122– 167.

71. Khrapunov N. I. Krym v opisaniyakh Redzhinal'da Khebera (1806 g.) // Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i ehtnografii Tavrii. 2008. Vyp. 14. S. 645—697.

72. Khrapunov N. I. Krymskij poluostrov posle prisoedineniya k Rossii v sochinenii Bal'tazara fon Kampengauzena // Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i ehtnografii Tavrii. 2013. Vyp. 18. S. 456—473.

73. Khrapunov N. I. Puteshestvie v Krym Dzhejmsa Uehbstera i ego tovarischej (1827 g.) // Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i ehtnografii Tavrii. 2014. Vyp. 19. S. 379—426.

74. Khrapunov N. I. «Mesto, bogatoe vospominaniyami i illyuziyami»: obrazy Tavridy v sochineniyakh puteshestvennikov // Problemy integratsii Kryma v sostav Rossii, 1783—1825. Sevastopol', 2017. S. 329–—352.

75. Khrapunov N., Konkin D. Between West and East: the Features of the Development of the Crimea as a Part of the Russian Empire in the Context of Inter-Cultural Communications (1783—1853) // ISTORIYA. 2021. Vol. 12. Is. 7 (105). URL: https://history.jes.su/s207987840015401-0-1/ DOI: 10.18254/S207987840015401-0

76. Chistyakov M. B. Iz poezdok po Rossii. M., 2015.

77. Shatne M. dyu. Zhan Batist de Traverse, ministr flota rossijskogo / per. s fr. M. L. Andreeva. M., 2003.

78. Ehliade M. Mify, snovideniya, misterii / per. s angl. M.: Refl-buk; Kiev, 1996.

79. Ehtkind A. M. Priroda zla. Syr'e i gosudarstvo. M., 2020.

80. Yannitsy F. Grecheskij mir v kontse XVIII — nachale KhKh v. po rossijskim istochnikam (k voprosu ob izuchenii samosoznaniya grekov). SPb., 2005.

81. A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople. In a Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith. L., 1789.

82. Alatas S. H. The Myth of the Lazy Native. L., 1977.

83. Angelomatis-Tsougarakis H. The Eve of the Greek Revival: British Travellers' Perceptions of Early Nineteenth-Century Greece. L.; N. Y., 1990.

84. Bartlett R. P. Human Capital. The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia,1762—1804. Cambridge, 1979.

85. Barton H. A. Northern Arcadia: Foreign Travelers in Scandinavia, 1765—1815. Carbondale, 1998.

86. Clarke E. D. Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Pt. 1: Russia, Tahtary, and Turkey. 4th ed. Vol. 2. L., 1816.

87. Dubois de Montpjreux F. Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Gjorgie, en Armjnie et en Crimje. T. 5. P., 1843.

88. Eisner R. Travelers to an Antique Land: The History and Literature of Travel to Greece. Ann Arbor, 1993.

89. Ellingson T. The Myth of the Noble Savage. Berkeley; Los Angeles; L., 2001.

90. Holderness M. Journey from Riga to the Crimea, with Some Account of the Colonists of New Russia. 2nd ed. L.: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, 1827.

91. Osterhammel J. Unfabling the East: The Enlightenment’ s Encounter with Asia / tr. from Germ. by R. Savage. Princeton; Oxford, 2018.

92. Parppei K. This Battle Started Long Before Our Days // The Historical and Political Context of the Russo-Turkish War in Russian Popular Publications, 1877—1878 // Nationalities Papers. 2021. Vol. 49. Is. 1. R. 1—18.

93. Prince de Ligne. Lettres a la marquise de Coigny / ed. H. Lebasteur. P., 1914.

94. Reuilly J. Voyage en Crimee et sur les bords de la Mer Noire pendant l’ annee 1803. P., 1806.

95. Rizal J. The Indolence of the Filipino. Manila, 1913.

96. Romme Ch.-G. Voyage en Crimje en 1786 / presente par M. Deschanet, G. Bekirova. P., 2016.

97. Schönle A. Garden of the Empire: Catherine’ s Appropriation of the Crimea // Slavic Review. 2001. Vol. 60. № 1. P. 1—23.

98. Slade A. Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. L.: Saunders and Otley, 1832.

99. The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing / ed. P. Hulme, T. Youngs. Sambridge, 2002.

100. The Crimea: Its Towns, Inhabitants, and Social Customs. L.; Edinburgh, 1855.

101. Williams B. G. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Leiden; Boston; Köln, 2001.