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Formation of the borders of Kazakhstan: discussions and solutions in the first twenty years of soviet power
 
PIIS086919080024450-2-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080024450-2
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Andrey Bykov 
Occupation: Leading Researcher
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Moscow, ul. Rozhdestvenka, 12/1, Building 1
Occupation: Professor
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Address: Russian Federation
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 2
Pages165-180
Abstract

The issues of the formation of the administrative borders of Kazakhstan with the republics of Central Asia and the RSFSR are considered within the frame of rapidly changing military and socio-political situation. Priorities in the delimitation, taking into account the size of territories, population and education status, are identified. Attention is drawn to the relationship of the national republics with the union bodies, neighboring autonomies, other territories and regions of Russia. The evolution of the delimitation process, the transformation of the boundaries and the basic criteria used in this process, the forms of demarcation and approaches to their implementation are shown. The main and additional criteria of delimitation of the borders of the subjects of the RSFSR and the USSR were determined. The continuity of the principles of administrative division in the pre-war period with the modern principles of interstate delimitation and the influence of the processes of delimitation on the evolution of international law are shown. A certain interconnection between the dynamics of administrative-territorial division, including the formation of autonomies on a national basis, which took place after the February and October revolutions, was traced, but qualitative differences between pre- and early Soviet approaches were also recorded. It is concluded that it was in the pre-war period that the main contours of the current borders of the Central Asian states were established, and the demarcation process itself played a great role in stabilizing the situation in the region.

KeywordsBorder, sovereignty, demarcation, principles of demarcation, Central Asia, RSFSR, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan.
AcknowledgmentThe work is carried out within the framework of the targeted funding program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan BR10965282 “Kazakhstan-Russian border: historical context and new geopolitical reality”.
Received30.03.2023
Publication date26.04.2023
Number of characters29798
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1 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Вопросы изучения истории формирования административных границ между различными субъектами Советского Союза, особенно образованными на национальной основе, имеют серьезное значение, поскольку процесс демаркации и делимитации границ постсоветских республик не завершен до настоящего времени. Например, не урегулированы пограничные споры между Республикой Таджикистан и Кыргызской Республикой и не заключен соответствующий межгосударственный договор. К моменту распада СССР только 16% административных границ между бывшими советскими республиками были определены на местности, остальные же присутствовали лишь на картах, что создавало почву для конфликтов между новыми независимыми государствами. Ряд образований из постсоциалистических федераций до настоящего времени не имеет четкого международно-правого оформления и общепринятого статуса. Приграничные споры уже привели к ряду, в том числе вооруженных, конфликтов на территории бывших СССР и Югославии. Российско-казахстанская граница к тому же является самой протяженной непрерывной границей в мире. Определенные группы влияния периодически пытаются пересмотреть существующие границы, апеллируя к исторической традиции, давности владения той или иной территорией, национальному составу населения приграничных районов. Помимо практической значимости, интерес представляет и научная составляющая, поскольку существовавшие в период СССР административные границы одновременно (во всяком случае де юре) выступали в качестве границ суверенных союзных республик, аналогичные государственные образования (федерации и конфедерации) существуют и в настоящее время. Периодически возникают попытки объявления суверенитета той или иной территории, а сам феномен иерархических федеративных образований изучен недостаточно. Трансформирующаяся в настоящее время система международных отношений, характеризующаяся отходом от ряда ялтинско-потсдамских принципов, также может оказать серьезное влияние на критерии суверенитета и реформирование порядка формирования и функционирования такого явления, присущего государственному суверенитету, как граница.
2 ПРИНЦИПЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ ГРАНИЦ В ДОСОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД Территория современных центральноазиатских государств входила в состав нескольких административных единиц Российской империи: Степного и Туркестанского генерал-губернаторств, Астраханской, Тобольской и Томской губерний и зависимых от России протекторатов – Хивинского ханства и Бухарского эмирата. Административное деление в империи строилось преимущественно по территориальному принципу. На формирование границ административных единиц оказывали влияние такие факторы, как естественные рубежи, наличие внешних сухопутных границ, хозяйственно-экономические связи и решения ведомств. Учитывался и исторический фактор, причем как фактор сохранения существовавших границ, так и их полной ликвидации. Свержение самодержавия повлекло инициирование административно-территориальных реформ с новыми критериями формирования административных единиц.

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Fig. 1. Map of the Asian Part of the USSR, 1929 (Fragment with the Borders of the Kazakh ASSR). (Fig_1.jpg, 2,442 Kb) [Download]

Fig. 2. Map of the Kirgosplan District System, 1924. (Fig_2.jpg, 1,020 Kb) [Download]

Fig. 3. Map of the Zoning of the Ural Region (a Fragment of the Border with the KASSR), 1924. (Fig_3.jpg, 2,807 Kb) [Download]

Fig. 4. Map of the Kazakh SSR, 1940. (Fig_4.jpg, 1,215 Kb) [Download]

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