History of the Gurid state in Muslim sources XII - XIII centuries

Occupation: Senior Researcher Fellow
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow

Journal name

Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost

Edition

Issue 2

Pages

81-92

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Muslim sources of the XII-XIII centuries, containing information on the history of the Gurid state in the pre-Mongol period. After the death of the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar in 1157, various regional leaders will lay claim to the lands that were part of his state, as a result of the struggle between which Khorasan and Mawerannahr, as well as adjacent regions, will become part of the Khorezm state. One of the most serious opponents of Khorezm during this period will be the Gurid state, whose rulers will finally gain independence from the Seljukids and will seriously claim dominance in Khorasan. In many ways, it was the victory over this rival that ensured the rulers of Khorezm a victory in the regional struggle and the opportunity to annex to their own state not only the above-mentioned regions, but also the lands of modern Afghanistan. Medieval historiography of the history of the Gurid state was not a subject of special study as a whole: researchers preferred to focus their attention on the analysis of individual monuments or the most informative historical works from their point of view. In the same article, we will try to outline the boundaries of the corpus of monuments of the 12th - 13th centuries, containing information about this state and its rulers, indicate the features of this information, and also indicate possible connections between this kind of Muslim writings.

Keywords

Ghurids, Afghanistan, northern India, Muslim sources, Khorezm, medieval historiography.

Acknowledgment

The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-09-00095 А.

Received

15.02.2023

Publication date

26.04.2023

Number of characters

27202

Cite

GOST	Timokhin D. History of the Gurid state in Muslim sources XII - XIII centuries // Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost – 2023. – Issue 2 C. 81-92 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://vostokoriens.jes.su/S086919080024425-4-1 (circulation date: 04.05.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S086919080024425-4
MLA	Timokhin, Dmitriy "History of the Gurid state in Muslim sources XII - XIII centuries." Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost 2 (2023):81-92. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080024425-4
APA	Timokhin D. (2023). History of the Gurid state in Muslim sources XII - XIII centuries. Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost (2), pp.81-92 DOI: 10.31857/S086919080024425-4

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1	Несмотря на существование государственности в области Гур уже в раннесредневековый период, исследователи обычно сосредотачивают свое внимание на сравнительно позднем периоде истории этого региона - середине XII и до начала XIII в. [Bosworth, 2001; Bosworth, 1961, P. 116-133; Ghafur, 1959; Kieffer, 1961, P. 37-50, 1962, P. 10-24; 2, P. 40-56]. Это объяснимо тем, что именно в это время относительно слабое региональное политическое образование превращается в могущественную державу, а ее правители активно вмешиваются в раздел территорий, некогда принадлежавших Сельджукидам и Газневидам [Бартольд, 1963, c. 401-402]. Слабость Сельджукского государства в Хорасане и смерть его последнего правителя, Санджара, в 1157 г. позволила Гуридам, как и другим локальным династиям, которые также попытались воспользоваться сложившимся «вакуумом власти», начать захват новых территорий и ресурсов, что усиливало их военную и политическую мощь. Эта борьба за «сельджукское наследство» в итоге приведет к столкновению Гуридов и правившей в Хорезме династии Ануштегинидов. В борьбе с ними могущество Гуридов было подорвано, их государство перестало существовать, а большая часть территорий вошла в состав Хорезмийской державы [Бартольд, 1963, c. 402].
2	Несмотря на значимость истории династии Гуридов, ее противостояния Хорезму и последовавших за этим событий, количество специальных исследований по данной проблематике невелико, хотя за последние годы вышло несколько крупных работ, посвященных истории этого государства и его правителей [Хайдари, 2013; O’Neal, 2013; Öntürk, 2020; Jabir Raza. 2016, P. 154-163; Thomas, 2016, Р. 1-6]. Подобное состояние историографии отчасти объяснимо тем, что история Гуридов традиционно рассматривалась учеными либо в рамках работ по истории Сельджукского государства, либо в составе исследований Хорезмийской державы. Однако еще меньше внимания было уделено корпусу источников по истории государства Гуридов: до сих пор не было создано ни одного обобщающего исследования, в котором бы автор попытался его структурировать и дать оценку содержащейся в нем информации об этой династии. Несомненно, это связано с тем, что собственно гуридская придворная историография до нас не дошла, как это было отмечено уже В.В. Бартольдом [Бартольд, 1963, c. 77]. Это замечание выдающегося российского востоковеда казалось бы должно стимулировать интерес исследователей к тому, какие памятники и в каком объеме содержат сведения об истории Гуридов, однако, как показывает практика, этого до сих пор не произошло. В связи с этим наша цель попытаться обобщить весь корпус средневековых текстов по истории указанного государства во второй половине XII – начале XIII в., указать объем информации по этому поводу в каждом из указанных памятников и выделить возможные связи между ними. Безусловно, в рамках одной работы сложно ожидать полного и детального описания всего корпуса источников, поэтому мы укажем здесь важнейшие мусульманские тексты XII-XIII вв., с точки зрения объема и значимости содержащейся в них информации, сохранив задел для последующих исследований.

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