Problems of identity and separatism of ethnic minorities in the global world: case of Assam, India

 
PIIS086919080023354-6-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080023354-6
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Senior Researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS; Director of the International Center for South Asian Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH); Associate Professor, Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State University
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS
Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: Junior Researcher, International Center for South Asian Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Affiliation: Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: MA, Institute of History and Archives, RSUH
Affiliation: Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: Student, Institute of History and Archives RSUH
Affiliation: Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: Student, Institute of History and Archives RSUH
Affiliation: Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: Student, Institute of History and Archives RSUH
Affiliation: Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 6
Pages160-171
Abstract

The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of separatist and protest movements among ethnic minorities in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, seeking to maintain their identity. Over the centuries, migration trends in the state have shaped a complex multiethnic and multicultural population. Amendments to the Citizenship Law in the 2000s led to an even greater unification of the local population in protest groups for political reasons. The first part of the article provides a brief overview of the historical prerequisites influencing the destabilization of the Assamese society in the modern world. The second part focuses on specifics of the protests in 1950s–60s. The third part revolves around the current state of affairs in the Assam society, tracing various forms of protest and identifying sides of the conflicts between: a) tribal communities in their struggle for inclusion in the category of Scheduled Tribes; b) tribes and non-tribal populations; c) tribes and immigrants; d) the unification of tribes against the state. A parallel between ethnic separatism in the Indian northeastern states and the European version is drawn. The article is based on publications in the English-language media and academic works of Indian researchers, in which a view of the problem from within the state is traced. The study concludes that before the problem with illegal immigrants, there was a number of several other reasons, due to which, over the centuries, many ethnic groups have sought to obtain autonomy.

KeywordsAssam, Northeast India, separatism, illegal immigration, ethnic minorities, Сitizenship Law, identity
AcknowledgmentThis work was supported by Russian State University for the Humanities, Student project research teams of the Russian State University for the Humanities “Social and Interethnic Conflicts in the Era of Digitalization, Modernization and Pandemization (Case of Assam Statr, India)”, grant No. 2021-2.
Received02.12.2022
Publication date31.12.2022
Number of characters24964
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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

2 Регулирование миграционных процессов является крайне важной проблемой для штата Ассам. На протяжении ряда лет существуют общественные объединения, такие как Всеассамский студенческий союз (All Assam Students’ Union), образованный в 1967 г., которые организуют политические кампании против нелегальных иммигрантов из Бангладеш. Поправки в Закон о гражданстве, принятые в 2000-х гг. (Citizenship Amendment Act 2003, 2005, 2015, 2016, 2019 гг.) привели к тому, что люди, придерживающиеся самых разных политических взглядов, стали формировать протестные группы. Многие этнические группы, проживающие в штате Ассам, такие как бодо, карби и др., стремились получить автономию еще до того, как нелегальная иммиграция из Бангладеш превратилась в проблему всего Северо-Востока Индии. Объектом исследования является изучение протестных и сепаратистских движений различных ассамских социальных и этнических меньшинств. Гипотеза работы строится на том, что протесты населения носят не спонтанный характер, а имеют довольно четкие исторические предпосылки, влияющие на дестабилизацию ассамского общества. Цель исследованиявыявление исторических предпосылок сепаратизма среди этнических меньшинств в штате Ассам. Исходя из поставленной цели, были сформулированы следующие задачи: а) выявить исторические предпосылки протестов в штате Ассам; б) обозначить специфику протестов 1950–1960-х гг.; в) показать современную ситуацию и варианты дальнейшего развития протестной активности в штате. Исследование основано на материалах преимущественно англоязычных индийских СМИ (The Hindu, Indian Express, Times of India т.д.) и научных работах экспертов.
3 При написании настоящей работы авторы руководствовались принципами социальной антропологии, сформулированными на протяжении последних трёх десятилетий в трудах ведущих отечественных и зарубежных этнологов и антропологов, в первую очередь академика РАН В.А. Тишкова, научного руководителя Института этнологии и антропологии имени Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая РАН, и его коллег и единомышленников [Барт, 2006; Соколовский, 2003, 2014, 2021; Тишков, 1989, 2003, 2021; Тишков и др., 2020; Эриксен, 2014; Этнос, 2015; Eriksen, Jacoubek, 2019; Verdery, 2019].
4 В мировом сообществе понятию «идентичность» уделяется особое внимание: многие конфликты проистекают из-за того, что этнические группы пытаются защитить свою самобытность или идентичность. В этнологии обсуждается в первую очередь социальная идентичность. В целом идентичность – это то, как человек определяет себя, с какими группами людей он себя идентифицирует, проводя при этом границу между понятиями «свой» и «чужой». Идентичность устанавливается через определение как общих сходств, так и различий. Норвежский антрополог Томас Хюлланд Эриксен считает, что «принадлежность к некоторым группам, связанным с родством, этничностью, языком и гендером, является императивной (навязанной), а принадлежность к другим группам выбирается относительно свободно» [Эриксен, 2014, c. 215]. Таким образом, согласно Т.Х. Эриксену, у человека может быть несколько идентификаторов, по которым он относит себя к тем или иным группам, однако в зависимости от конкретной ситуации принадлежность к какому-либо из идентификаторов может стоять выше по значимости для того или иного индивида.

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