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Cultural and Economic Type and Archaeological Appearance of the Cimmerians (a Brief Historiographical Review)
 
PIIS086919080017794-0-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080017794-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Sergey Valchak 
Occupation: Researcher; Associate Professor
Affiliation:
Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian State Social University
Address: Moscow, Moscow, Russia
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 6
Pages19-37
Abstract

The article discusses various opinions related to the solution of the “Cimmerian problem”, set out in the Russian-language scientific literature in the period of the XX-beginning of the XXI centuries. Special attention is paid to the historiography of the question of the cultural and economic type of the Cimmerians and the approach of various researchers to its definition. The author also considers the question of the material culture of the Cimmerians and the archaeological sites associated with them, their interpretations and various hypotheses proposed at different times by researchers of the archeology of the Early Iron Age, chronological concepts. The author supports the hypothesis of T.M. Kuznetsova about the insufficient argumentation of the statement about the Cimmerians-nomads and the hypothesis of V.R. Erlikh about the identification with the Cimmerians of archaeological sites of the classical Novocherkassk stage of the pre-Scythian period, which is characterized by a peculiar and massive complex of horse equipment and weapons of soldiers-riders. In a wide chronological range, these sites can be dated no earlier than the last quarter of the 8th, and probably no later than the middle of the 7th century BC. The horizon of the few monuments of the “Jabotinsky type” in the south of Eastern Europe, which does not have a local substrate, is considered to belong to the early Scythians no earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 7th century, before the beginning of their cam-paigns in Transcaucasia, the countries of Near Asia in the 7th century BC.

KeywordsCimmerians, Pre-Scythian period, early Scythians, historiography, cultural and economic type, archaeological sites, Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Western Asia
Received19.12.2021
Publication date24.12.2021
Number of characters40120
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Table of contents

КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТОЖДЕСТВА
МАТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ КУЛЬТУРА КИММЕРИЙЦЕВ
1 Киммерийцы как один из первых народов, упоминаемых в сочинениях античных авторов, известны всем исследователям эпохи позднего бронзового – начала раннего железного века. Им посвящен огромный пласт исторической и археологической литературы. Тем не менее, даже в настоящее время у исследователей не сложилось единого мнения о месте изначального проживания, этническом происхождении, типе хозяйства и материальной (археологической) культуре этого народа. Стремление многих исследователей-археологов прошлых лет «привязать» какую-либо археологическую культуру или группу памятников к историческим киммерийцам привело к различным не согласующимся между собой концепциям и созданию «археологических мифов». Мифы эти часто становятся парадигмой и опосредованно влияют на интерпретацию памятников у современных археологов.
2 Гипотеза об изначальном проживании киммерийцев в Восточной Европе, а именно в Северном Причерноморье, более 100 лет господствует в русскоязычных археологических статьях и монографиях. Основана эта гипотеза в первую очередь на сведениях наиболее ранних греческих авторов и Геродота.
3 Геродот описывал связанные с киммерийцами события не менее чем через 250 лет после их появления. Каких-либо точных дат в его сообщениях ожидать не приходится: он лишь изложил последовательность событий и факты, которые могут отражать некогда существовавшую реальность. В связи с этим обстоятельством, следует упомянуть логически точное и справедливое замечание М.Н. Погребовой и Д.С. Раевского о том, что «приписываемое Геродотом понятию “киммерийцы” содержание оказывается производным от современного ему содержания понятия “скифы”, именно это последнее оказывается точкой отсчёта при определении объёма первого» [Погребова, Раевский, 1992, с. 48, 49]. Действительно, все сведения Геродота о киммерийцах и ранних скифах в его время уже были мифологизированы, а приводимые им сведения являются ретроспекцией привычных для его же времени реалий.
4

КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
5 О ПРАРОДИНЕ КИММЕРИЙЦЕВ И ТИПЕ ИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВА
6 Перечисленные вопросы настолько переплетаются в концепциях различных исследователей, что рассматривать их удобнее не по отдельности, а ориентируясь на воззрения каждого из авторов, которые определялись имеющимися в определённый промежуток времени археологическими материалами. При рассмотрении проблемы соотношения письменных и археологических источников о киммерийцах и скифах многие исследователи на протяжении более чем ста лет специально или же вскользь затрагивали вопрос о типе их хозяйства. Вопрос этот весьма важен, поскольку от его решения зачастую зависело отождествление материального комплекса той или иной археологической культуры, или же конкретного памятника с названными древними народами. Традиционно и повсеместно к настоящему времени в археологической литературе доминирует парадигма о киммерийцах и ранних скифах как о кочевых народах (номадах), последовательно проживавших в степной зоне юга Восточной Европы.

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