All
 
|
 
 


Ottoman Azov 1475–1696: toponymy, planning and fortifications
 
PIIS086919080011544-5-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080011544-5
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Pyotr Avakov 
Occupation: Senior Research Associate
Affiliation: FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE "FEDERAL RESEARCH CENTRE THE SOUTHERN SCIENTIFIC CENTRE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES"
Address: Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 2
Pages229-243
Abstract

The article is devoted to the poorly studied history of fortification construction in the Ottoman fortress Azov (Azak), located at the Don Riverdelta. Based on a wide range of Russian and Ottoman sources (documentary, narrative and pictorial), the stages of the creation of the complex of fortifications of Azov, the evolution of its planning structure and the changes that took place in local toponymy in connection with these processes are traced. An attempt was made to determine the location and parameters of the city's fortifications in the 16th – 17th Centuries (up to 1696 inclusive). It is shown that the system of stone fortifications of Azov began to form from the time of its capture by the Ottomans in 1475, and it was based on two stone castles built by the Venetians and Genoese as early as the 14th Century. By the early 1540s, Azov had a four-part structure and included two Venetian (external and internal) and Genoese forts, as well as the Soil fort (suburb). In the mid-1570s, the Soil fort was surrounded by stonewalls and, probably, united with the rest of Azov. By the time of the capture by the Don Cossacks in 1637, Azov already had a three-part structure and consisted of adjacent Stone, Middle and Soil forts. The consequence of the Ottoman siege of Azov in 1641 was the almost total destruction of the fortifications, which then had to be rebuilt. Sources do not confirm the point of view widespread in historiography, according to which, when the Ottomans restored fortress in 1642, its layout remained unchanged. Purposeful improvement of the fortifications of Azov continued in the second half of the 17th Century, right up to the loss him by the Ottoman Empire in 1696. The Sublime Portepaid great attention to the defense capability of the northernmost outpost of the empire, responding to the growing external threat. However, the strengthening in the region of the positions of the first Don Cossacks, and then of the Russian State, made these defensive measures useless.

KeywordsAzov, Ottoman Empire, military history, fortification, Russian-Turkish relations.
AcknowledgmentThe reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-09-42049 «The "Azov Project" of Peter the Great: North-Eastern Azov Sea area in the Foreign and Domestic Politics of Russia in the Late 17th – Early 18th Century». The author expresses gratitude to the Cand. Sci. (History) I.A. Mustakimov and Dr. A. Tertecel for their help in working with Turkish literature and Ottoman sources.
Received14.09.2020
Publication date29.04.2021
Number of characters37600
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной
1 Захват Османской империей итальянской фактории Таны в устьях реки Дон в 1475 г.1 и последующее создание здесь Азакского санджака привело к образованию близ южных границ Российского государства нового очага внешней агрессии [Хайбуллаева, 2001, с. 364–365; Inalcik, 1986, р. 808; Fisher, 1973, S. 163–164; Öztürk, 2000, s. 28–29, 111–112, 150, 155]. В XVI–XVII вв. османский город-крепость Азак (Azak), известный в России как Азов, играл важную роль в организации набегов крымских татар и ногайцев на русские земли и являлся крупным центром работорговли [Смирнов, 1946, с. 33, 35, 89, 99, 133; Новосельский, 1948, с. 205, 380; Fisher, 1973, S. 168–169; Донские дела, 1906, стб. 915–916]. Прилегавшую к Азакскому санджаку территорию Нижнего Дона в конце XVI в. заселили донские казаки, которые уже с середины столетия регулярно вели боевые действия против Азова. Именно вокруг этой борьбы в низовьях Дона сформировалась и окрепла казачья войсковая организация [Мининков, 1998, с. 70–83, 161, 216–221, 342, 346–347, 349–350; Мустакимов, Сень, 2012, с. 178; Мустакимов, Сень, 2018, с. 148–154; Сухоруков, 2001, с. 71–73]. Перманентная казачья угроза, в свою очередь, вынуждала османские власти заботиться об обороноспособности Азова и периодически укреплять его. 1. До сих пор в исторической и, особенно, краеведческой литературе встречается ошибочная дата османского завоевания Таны: 1471 г.
2 Историография истории Азова XVI–XVII вв. насчитывает уже более трехсот лет. Автором изданного около 1703 г. первого очерка истории города был вице-адмирал К.И. Крюйс, впервые посетивший его в 1699 г. [Cruys, 1703]. С тех пор прошлое Азова привлекает внимание, главным образом, исследователей русско-турецких отношений, международной торговли в Азово-Черноморском бассейне [Байер, 1782; Смирнов, 1946; Fisher, 1973; Berindei, Veinstein, 1976, р. 144–171; Бурлака, 1992; и др.] и ранней истории донского казачества [Сухоруков, 2001; Мининков, 1998; Куц, 2014; и др.]. Посвященные городу сюжеты неизменно присутствуют и в обобщающих трудах по российской истории. Как ни странно, история фортификационного строительства в Азове и его оборонительная система – то есть то, что являлось основой и смыслом существования этого самого северного форпоста Османской империи, – до сих пор не стали предметом специального изучения. Обычно историки ограничиваются кратким описанием укреплений Азова накануне его взятия донскими казаками в 1637 г., или войсками царя Петра I в 1696 г. Исключение составляет лишь новаторская статья И.В. Волкова, посвященная, впрочем, иному вопросу: локализации венецианской Таны на местности и реконструкции ее планировки в XV в. [Волков, 1992].
3 В настоящей статье на основе широкого круга документальных, нарративных и изобразительных источников российского и османского происхождения мы попытаемся проследить этапы создания комплекса оборонительных укреплений Азова, эволюцию его планировочной структуры, а также определить местоположение и параметры фортификационных сооружений города в XVI–XVII вв. (до 1696 г. включительно).

Number of purchasers: 1, views: 699

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Popov N.A. (ed.). Acts of the Moscow State issued by the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: tipografiya Imperatorskoj akademii nauk, 1894 (in Russian).
2. Bayer T.S. A brief description of all events related to Azov, from the creation of this town to its return to the Russian state. Transl. by J.C. Taubert. St. Petersburg: tipografiya Imperatorskoj akademii nauk, 1782. 3nd ed. (in Russian).
3. Belyakov A.V. People who left Azov in 1647: (At Home among Strangers?). Borders and Borderlands in South Russian History: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference (Rostov-on-Don, September 26–27, 2014). Editorial Board: V.Yu. Apryshenko et al. Rostov-on-Don: Izdatel'stvo Yuzhnogo federal'nogo universiteta, 2014. Pp. 96–104 (in Russian).
4. Burlaka V.O. Azov in trade and diplomatic relations between Russia and Turkey in the 16th Century. Essays on the history of Azov. Editorial Board: A.A. Gorbenko et al. Iss. 1. Azov: Azovskij kraevedcheskij muzej, 1992. Pp. 3–17 (in Russian).
5. Volkov I.V. The Azov fortress through the eyes of Evliya Chelebi of Russian military topographers of the 17th – 18th Centuries. Historical Geography of the Don and the North Caucasus. Editorial Board: V.E. Maksimenko et al. Rostov-on-Don: Izdatel'stvo Rostovskogo universiteta, 1992. Pp. 83–94 (in Russian).
6. Volkov I.V. The Guest church / the Bayezid Veli Mosque in Azov. Historical and Archaeological Studies in Azov and the Lower Don in 1989. Editorial Board: A.A. Gorbenko et al. Iss. 9. Azov: Azovskij kraevedcheskij muzej, 1992. Pp. 136–150 (in Russian).
7. Gordon P. Diary: 1696–1698. Transl., ed. by D.G. Fedosov. Moscow: Nauka, 2018 (in Russian).
8. Grigor'ev A.P., Grigor'ev V.P. Collection of Golden Horde Documents of the 14th Century from Venice: A Source Study Research. St. Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 2002 (in Russian).
9. Guboglu M. Turkish source of 1740 about Wallachia, Moldavia and Ukraine. Tveritinova A.S. (ed.). Oriental sources on the history of the peoples of South-Eastern and Central Europe. Iss. 1. Moscow: Nauka, 1964. Pp. 131–161 (in Russian).
10. Druzhinin V.G. (ed.). The Don Cases. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: tipografiya Glavnogo upravleniya udelov, 1906 (in Russian).
11. Kamentseva E.I., Ustyugov N.V. Russian metrology: Textbook. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1975. 2nd ed. (in Russian).
12. Kozachenko A.S. Spatial culture of the Lower Don Cossacks at the end of the 16th – 17th Ñenturies. Rostov-on-Don: Donskoj izdatel'skij dom, 2000 (in Russian).
13. Korb J.G. Diary of the Journey to Muscovy (1698 and 1699). Transl., ed. by A.I. Malein. St. Petersburg: izdanie A.S. Suvorina, 1906 (in Russian).
14. Kuts O.Yu. Don Cossacks of the times of Azov epopee and 40s 17th Century: Political and military history. Moscow: Staraya Basmannaya, 2014. (in Russian).
15. Kuts O.Yu. On the question of the location of the Turkish earthen rampart during the struggle for Azov in the summer-autumn of 1641. Kisterev S.N. (ed.). Essays on feudal Russia. Iss. 14. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Al'yans-Arheo, 2010. Pp. 390–401 (in Russian).
16. Lunin B.V. The town of Azov, 1934–1935. Archaeological research in the RSFSR 1934–1936. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1941. Pp. 206–209 (in Russian).
17. Lunin B.V. Essays on the history of the Don River and Azov Sea area. Vol. 1. Rostov-on-Don: Rostovskoe oblastnoe knigoizdatel'stvo, 1949 (in Russian).
18. Mininkov N.A. Don Cossacks during an epoch of the late Middle Ages (before 1671). Rostov-on-Don: Izdatel'stvo Rostovskogo universiteta, 1998 (in Russian).
19. Mustakimov I.A. From the history of the Azov (Tatar) Cossaks of the second half of the 16th Century. Medieval Turkic-Tatar States. Vol. 9. 2017. Pp. 184–189 (in Russian).
20. Mustakimov I.A., Sen' D.V. Azov and Don Cossacks according to Ottoman documents 1560–1570. Herald of Tanais. Iss. 3. Nedvigovka, Myasnikovski district of Rostov region: Arheologicheskij muzej-zapovednik “Tanais”, 2012. Pp. 172–189 (in Russian).
21. Mustakimov I.A., Sen' D.V. Oriental sources on the history of relations between the Ottoman Azov and the Don Cossacks. Papers of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS. Editorial Board: V.V. Belyakov et al. Iss. 17. Moscow: Institut Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2018. Pp. 144–162 (in Russian).
22. Mustakimov I.A., Trepavlov V.V. New Ottoman documents on the history of the Great Nogai Horde. Gasyrlar avazy = Echo of Centuries. 2009. No 2. Pp. 35–42 (in Russian).
23. Novoselsky A.A. The struggle of the Moscow State with the Tatars in the first half of the 17th Century. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1948. (in Russian).
24. Oparina T.A. Documents of the Ambassadorial Prikaz on Azov Natives (1643). Novoe Proshloe/The New Past. 2019. No 2. DOI 10.23683/2500-3224-2019-4-242-258. Pp. 242–258 (in Russian).
25. Department of Manuscripts of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Collection of foreign manuscripts. Foliant 226. Vol. 2.
26. Department of Manuscripts of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Collection of foreign manuscripts. Foliant 226. Vol. 3.
27. Perepechaeva L.B. Fortress and Posad Azov (late 17th – early 20th Centuries). Essays on the history of Azov. Editorial Board: A.A. Gorbenko et al. Iss. 3. Azov: Azovskij kraevedcheskij muzej, 1995 (in Russian).
28. The Ambassadorial book on the relations of the Moscow State with the Crimea 1571–1577. Eds. by Vinogradov F.V. et al. Moscow: Izdatel'skij dom Mardzhani, 2016 (in Russian).
29. The Ambassadorial books on Russia's relations with the Kalmyk Khanate 1672–1675. Eds. by N.M. Rogozhin, M.M. Batmaev. Elista: APP “Dzhangar”, 2003 (in Russian).
30. Ruban V.G. (ed.). The Campaign of the Boyar and the Great Regiment of Voivode Alexei Semenovich Shein to Azov, the capture of this and Lutik fortress and the solemn return from there with the victorious host to Moscow, with a detailed description of all military and solemn incidents and with a list of Ground and Naval, Great Russian and Little Russian, upper and lower commanders, participating in this, the strength of all troops and the rewards given to them. St. Petersburg: tipografiya Morskogo kadetskogo korpusa, 1773. (in Russian).
31. Russian State Archive of the Navy. Stock 177. Inventory 1. Dossier 2.
32. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 111. Inventory 1. Bk. 3.
33. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 111. Inventory 1. Bk. 4.
34. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 111. Inventory 1. Bk. 6.
35. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 111. Inventory 1. Bk. 7.
36. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 111. Inventory 1. Bk. 8.
37. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Inventory 1. 1646 yr. Dossier 4.
38. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 192. War theaters: between Russian and Turkish troops. Inventory 1. Dossier 2.
39. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 210. Inventory 8. Vyazka 19. Dossier 4.
40. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 210. Inventory 12. Dossier 808.
41. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 210. Inventory 12. Dossier 1418.
42. Russian State Military Historical Archive. Stock 846. Inventory 16. Dossier. 21602.
43. Smirnov N.A. Russia and Turkey in 16–17th Century: in 2 vols. Vol. 2. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo MGU, 1946. (in Russian).
44. Suhorukov V.D. Historical description of the Land of the Don Host. Eds. by N.S. Korshikov, V.N. Korolev. Rostov-on-Don, GinGo, 2001 (in Russian).
45. Tafur P. Wanderings and travels. Transl., ed. by L.C. Maciel Sanchez. Moscow: Indrik, 2006 (in Russian).
46. Haven P., von. Voyage to Russia. Transl., ed. by V.E. Vozgrin. St. Petersburg: izdatel'stvo zhurnala “Vsemirnoe Slovo”, 2007 (in Russian).
47. Khaibullaeva F.Kh. New Turkish source on the history of Crimea. Materials in Archeology, History and Ethnography of Tavria. Vol. 8. Simferopol: Krymskoe otdelenie Instituta vostokovedeniya im. A.E. Krymskogo NAN Ukrainy. Pp. 363–365 (in Russian).
48. Evarnitsky D.I. Sources for the History of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Vol. 1. Vladimir: tipo-litografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya, 1903 (in Russian).
49. Evliya Chelebi. Book of Travel: (Extracts from the writing of a Turkish traveler of the 17th Century): Translation and Commentary. Ed. by A.P. Zheltyakov; transl. by A.P. Grigor'ev et al. Iss. 2. Moscow: Nauka, 1979 (in Russian).
50. Berindei Ì., Veinstein G. La Tana-Azaq de la presence italienne a l’Empire ottoman (fin XIIIå – milieu XVIå siecle). Turcica: Revue d’etudes turques. T. 8. 1976. No 2. Pp. 110–201 (in French).
51. BOA. Tapu ve Tahrir Defterleri. ¹ 214.
52. BOA. Tapu ve Tahrir Defterleri. ¹ 370.
53. Cruys C. De Stad Asof. Nieuw pas-kaart boek, behelsende de groote rivier Don of Tanais, na de selfs waaragtige gelegenheydt strekking, en cours, vande Stadt Woronetz, tot daar hy in zee valdt met zyn invloeiende stroomen, eylanden, steden, dorpen, kloosters etc: daer benevens een zeer curieuse paskaart vande Azofsche zee, of Palus Moetis en Pontus Euxinus of swarte zee met alle haar diepten, droogtens, aangelegen rivieren, havens steden etc. zynde daar, by gevoegdt een afbeelding der doorgraving, omden Don door de Ilafla te Leyden inde Wolga of Astracansche rivier, alles zeer nauw-keurig, en door eygene ondervinding opgenomen gepeylt, afgemeeten, en opgedragen aan Zyn Doorlugtige Hoogheyd Alixius Petreides, Erf-Prince der Keyser-Ryken, Koning-Ryken, vorstendommen en Heerschappycn Heer vaders, zunc Grootmagtigste Czaarsche Maiesteyt, door Cornelis Cruys, vice Admiral van Hooghgemelte Seijne Majesteijts zeemaght. Amsterdam: by H. Doncher, [1703]. P. 9–16 (in Dutch).
54. Evliya Celebi b. Dervis Mehemmed Z?lli. Evliya Celebi Seyahatnamesi / Haz?rlayanlar: R. Dankoff, S.A. Kahraman, Y. Dagl?. 7. Kitap. Istanbul: Yap? Kredi Yay?nlar?, 2003. 396 s. (in Turkish and Ottoman).
55. Fisher A. Azov in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas: Neue Folge. Bd. 21. 1973. H. 2. Juni. S. 161–174.
56. Fisher A. The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century. Harvard Ukrainian studies. Vol. 5. 1981. No 2. June. Ðp. 135–170.
57. GLA Karlsruhe. Hfk. Planbande ¹ 20. Fol. 131.
58. Inalcik H. Azak,. The Encyclopedia of Islam: New edition / ed. an Editorial Committee consisting of H.A.R. Gibb et al. Vol. 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986. Ð. 808.
59. Ozturk Y. Osmanli Hakimiyetinde Kefe (1475–1600). Ankara: TC Kultur Bakanl?g? Milli Kutuphane Bas?mevi, 2000. XXXIV, 570 s. (in Turkish).

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up