Based on empirical data obtained from the author's field studies in Syria during 2017–2019, an analysis of the current economic, social and demographic situation, as well as the governance system in both the territories controlled by the SAR Government and the North-East of the country was carried out. When considering the situation in combination and dynamics, special attention is paid to factors working to consolidate peace or vice versa – to the resumption of internal conflict. The first are economic recovery, trade, return of refugees, and the social, demographic and psychological consequences of the armed crisis remain conflict-prone.

As the conflict escalated, the importance of an all-Syrian identity weakened, and primary affiliation, loyalty to the clan and/or tribe became increasingly important. To date, the situation has changed. Citizens began to identify each other less on the basis of political views.

The study concludes that the crisis did not resolve the pre-existing contradictions along the line of rural/urban dichotomy, but also added new ones. At this stage, the problem of opposition to religious and secular world views in Syrian society has not been solved.

The article also describes the impact of the crisis on inter-ethnic relations and the situation of ethnic and religious minorities in a country where they make up a significant proportion of the population.

Corruption, routine and bureaucracy, as well as intrusive interference by security agencies in everyday life and business activity, are widespread phenomena faced by citizens. The failure of the authorities to address the root problems in these areas is a risk factor that could trigger future conflict.