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Experience of assessing changes in metethnic heterogeneity of Central Asia territories from 1970 to 1989
 
PIIS221979310031656-4-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310031656-4
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Евдокия Николаева 
Occupation:  Junior Researcher, Research Laboratory for Cross-Regional and Transborder Studies, PhD student of the Department of Geography
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionVolume 20. No3/2024
Pages69-85
Abstract

Currently, there is interest in analyzing the ethno-demographic situation in the countries of Central Asia. Ethno-demographic processes in this macroregion in the late Soviet period have been less studied. The purpose of the study is to assess changes in the heterogeneity of the population structure for two large meta-ethnic groups (indigenous and non-indigenous population) in the regions of Central Asia during the intercensal periods from 1970 to 1979 and from 1979 to 1989. Based on the value of the modified index of meta-ethnic heterogeneity, the following were identified: territories that are homogeneous in meta-ethnic terms and dominated by the indigenous population (in the south of the macroregion); dimly and clearly defined contact zones (in the southern part of Central Asia with a preponderance of the indigenous population, in the northern part with a preponderance of the non-indigenous population); the most clearly defined contact zones (a belt of regions separating the meta-ethnically contrasting northern and southern parts of the macroregion). Between 1970 and 1979 in the southern part of Central Asia, the dissolution of contact zones in favor of the indigenous population prevailed; in the northern part, meta-ethnic contact grew as the proportion of indigenous peoples increased. From 1979 to 1989 in the southeast of the macroregion, a large array of meta-ethnically homogeneous territories emerged; in the middle part, the number of regions that moved to the dissolution of contact zones in favor of the indigenous population increased. By 1989, there were only a few regions left in the north of Kazakhstan, where the predominance remained in favor of the non-indigenous population.

Keywordsethno-demographic processes, meta-ethnic groups, indigenous peoples, non-indigenous populations, contact zones
AcknowledgmentThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within project No. 23-17-00005 “Ethnic contact zones in the post-Soviet space: genesis, typology, conflict potential”.
Received16.07.2024
Publication date27.09.2024
Number of characters19766
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1 Введение. В настоящее время этнодемографической ситуации в странах Центральной Азии (Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Узбекистане, Туркменистане и Таджикистане) посвящено достаточно много публикаций. При этом большое внимание уделяется динамике русского населения, как во всём данном макрорегионе постсоветского пространства [15; 28], так и в отдельных республиках, в частности, в Казахстане [14; 26] и Узбекистане [13; 23]. Но имеются и исследования, где рассматриваются изменения в постсоветский период этнической географии стран Центральной Азии [22; 24; 27], при этом используется такой инструмент изучения этнической неоднородности населения регионов республик, как индекс этнической мозаичности, применённый, например, на территории Казахстана [17; 18].
2 Что же касается временного интервала между Всесоюзными переписями населения 1970 и 1989 гг., то ему уделено гораздо меньше внимания, чем постсоветскому периоду. Обычно этнодемографические процессы в позднесоветское время рассматриваются как часть этнической динамики за весь советский период, или же в целом за XX — начало XXI вв. [7; 30]. При этом трансформация этнической структуры населения связывается с процессами естественного движения [1] и миграциями населения [5], а также рассматривается её влияние на языковую ситуацию [12].
3 Также нужно отметить работу, где изучение этнодемографической динамики на территории Казахстана и республик Средней Азии как раз охватывает интервал между переписями 1970 и 1989 гг. [11]. Однако, во-первых, в ней нет разбивки периода исследования на два межпереписных интервала — с 1970 по 1979 гг. и с 1979 по 1989 гг. Во-вторых, это исследование выполнено в рамках концепции геоэтнокультурных систем, разработанной С. Я. Сущим и А. Г. Дружининым [16]. Наше исследование ориентировано на изучение этнической динамики с позиции концепции этноконтактных зон, которые рассматриваются в качестве компонента территориальной структуры этнического пространства Центральной Азии. При этом используются методические приёмы, позволяющие проследить изменения этнической неоднородности территорий на метаэтническом уровне (коренное/некоренное население).
4 Целью исследования является оценка изменения неоднородности структуры населения на метаэтническом уровне (коренное/некоренное население) по административно-территориальным единицам Казахстана и республик Средней Азии в межпереписные периоды с 1970 по 1979 гг. и с 1979 по 1989 гг.
5

В качестве информационной базы статьи выступают итоги Всесоюзных переписей населения 1970, 1979 и 1989 гг. на уровне административных единиц Казахстана и республик Средней Азии, представленные на сайте PopulationstatisticsofEasternEurope & formerUSSR1.

 1. Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR. [Электронный ресурс]: URL: http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ (дата обращения: 29.06.2024).
6 Методика исследования. Исследование опирается на имеющиеся в данный момент наработки в рамках концепции этноконтактных зон (ЭКЗ). Основным показателем, используемым в данной концепции для выделения ЭКЗ, оценки степени их выраженности, а также определения фаз и стадий развития ЭКЗ, является индекс этнической мозаичности (ИЭМ) [10]. Другие названия этого показателя — индекс этнической неоднородности [2; 3], или же, в зарубежной науке, — индекс этнической фракционализации [25]. ИЭМ для двухкомпонентных этнических систем (т. е. двуэтничных ЭКЗ) Н. К. Теренина предложила обозначать как индекс этнической контактности (ИЭК) [19].

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Phases and stages of development of contact zones at the meta-ethnic level based on changes in the value of the modified index of meta-ethnic heterogeneity (Николаева_Е.Д._Рис._1_Стадии_развития_ЭКЗ.png, 235 Kb) [Download]

The share of the indigenous population in the administrative-territorial units of Kazakhstan and Central Asia according to the results of the 1970 census (Николаева_Е.Д._Рис._2_Доля_корен_1970.png, 859 Kb) [Download]

The value of the modified index of meta-ethnic heterogeneity in the administrative-territorial units of Kazakhstan and Central Asia based on the results of the 1970 census (Николаева_Е.Д._Рис._3_МИМЭН_1970.png, 875 Kb) [Download]

The value of the modified index of meta-ethnic heterogeneity and the preponderance of the indigenous and non-indigenous population in the administrative-territorial units of Kazakhstan and Central Asi (Николаева_Е.Д._Рис._4_МИМЭН_1970-1989.png, 1,188 Kb) [Download]

Classification of administrative-territorial units of Kazakhstan and Central Asia according to the stages of development of contact zones at the meta-ethnic level in the intercensus periods fr (Николаева_Е.Д._Рис._5_Дин_МИМЭН_1970-_1979-1989.png, 1,430 Kb) [Download]

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