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Assessment of the degree of heterogeneity of the ethnic structure of the population of the Crimea from 1897 to 2014
 
PIIS221979310023933-9-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310023933-9
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Andrei Manakov 
Occupation: Professor, Department of Geography
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Людмила Вампилова
Occupation: Associate Professor of the Department of Water Engineering Surveys of the Institute of Hydrology and Oceanology
Affiliation: Russian State Hydrometeorological University
Address: Russian Federation, St.Petersburg
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionVolume 19. No1/2023
Pages113-128
Abstract

The Republic of Crimea is one of the most multi-ethnic subjects of the Russian Federation, the territory of which can also be described as a pronounced ethno-contact zone. The aim of the study is to assess the heterogeneity of the ethnic structure of the Crimean population in the period between the 1897 and 2014 censuses, using two indicators: the ethnic mosaic index and the polarization index. Research methods are statistical, graphic and comparative descriptive.

The high level of indicators characterizing the heterogeneity of the ethnic composition of the Crimean population during most of the 20th and early 21st centuries was determined by the three most numerous ethnic communities: Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars. The dynamics of indicators of the heterogeneity of the ethnic structure of the Crimean population was primarily influenced by migration processes, including the deportation of Crimean Tatars in 1944 and their return to the peninsula since the late 1980s.

The results of the study confirmed that the indices of ethnic mosaicity and polarization can be used in the process of a comprehensive analysis of ethno-demographic processes, but their use does not give a complete picture of ethnic dynamics without an accompanying analysis of changes in the number and proportion of the main ethnic communities of the study area. At the same time, the most suitable for assessing ethnic heterogeneity is the ethnic mosaic index proposed by B. M. Eckel.

KeywordsRepublic of Crimea, population dynamics, ethnic composition, ethnic mosaic index, ethnic polarization index
AcknowledgmentThe study was supported by the All-Russian public organization “Russian Geographical Society” (within the framework of the project «Geoinformation system “Ethnoarchaeology and ethnodemography of the Crimean Peninsula”» (id 49228)).
Received05.01.2023
Publication date05.03.2023
Number of characters16545
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1 Введение. Крым является одним из наиболее полиэтничных регионов Российской Федерации, территорию которого также можно охарактеризовать как ярко выраженную этноконтактную зону. Сложность этнической истории Крыма и его современное этническое разнообразие привлекают внимание многих специалистов самых разных областей знания — историков, этнологов, этнографов, этносоциологов, этноконфликтологов и др. Благодаря этому территория полуострова часто выступает в качестве полигона для разработки новых научных подходов и методик. Одним из направлений данных исследований является изучение этнодемографических процессов в Крыму, которое опирается, в первую очередь, на этническую статистику по итогам переписей населения.
2 Целью исследования является оценка неоднородности национального состава населения Крыма в период между переписями 1897 и 2014 гг. с помощью двух показателей — индекса этнической мозаичности и индекса этнической поляризации.
3

В качестве информационной базы исследования выступает этническая статистика по итогам переписей населения, проведённых в досоветский (Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 г.), советский (Всесоюзные переписи 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979 и 1989 гг.)1 и постсоветский (Всеукраинская перепись населения 2001 г. и перепись 2014 г., проведённая в Крыму после его воссоединения с Россией)2 периоды.

 1. Demoskop Weekly. [Электронный ресурс]:URL: >>>> style="text-decoration: underline;"> (дата обращения: 15.12.2022).

2. Всеукраинская перепись населения 2001. Национальный состав населения, гражданство. [Электронныйресурс]: URL: >>>> (датаобращения: 20.01.2021); Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR. [Электронный ресурс]: URL: http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ (датаобращения: 15.12.2022).
4 Степень изученности проблемы. Неоднородность этнической структуры населения Крымского полуострова, которая является следствием сложной этнической истории региона, привлекает внимание большого количества исследователей. Изучены самые разные аспекты пространственной и временной динамики этнических сообществ Крыма. Тем не менее, можно выделить те направлений исследований, которые являются наиболее проработанными. Во-первых, это изучение истории, расселения, этнодемографической динамики, депортации крымских татар, которым посвящены не только многочисленные статьи [2; 4; 7; 13; 17; 21; 31; 34], но и многотомные монографии, например, [11].
5 Достаточно хорошо изучены и результаты переписей населения, проводившихся на территории Крыма [29; 12; 22]. Много работ, включая монографии [10], посвящено исследованию формирования национального и конфессионального состава населения полуострова [8], как в дореволюционный период [1], так и в советский и постсоветский периоды [5]. Проанализирована динамика относительно многочисленных этнических сообществ Крыма, например, украинцев [16; 25; 33], евреев [18; 19], татар, белорусов и армян [25]. Также имеются работы, посвящённые изучению малочисленных народов Крыма [3; 25; 34; 35].
6 Особое внимание уделяется исследованию современных этнических и конфессиональных реалий Крыма в контексте идентичности [6], а также раннего предупреждения этнических и религиозных конфликтов [15]. Также проводятся работы по изучению этнического пространства Крыма. Так, например, осуществлено картографирование этнокультурного освоения [26], современного расселения и динамики этнических сообществ Крыма, которое охватывает и итоги переписи населения 2014 г. [12; 23; 27; 28].

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