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The issues of studying Magyars genesis (based on the Ural-Siberian materials of the Early Middle Ages)
 
PIIS086960630015374-0-1
DOI10.31857/S086960630015374-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Natalia P. Matveeva 
Occupation: Professor
Affiliation: Tumen state university
Address: Tumen, Russia
Gábor Gyóni
Affiliation: Eötvös Lorand University
Address: Budapest, Hungary
Aleksandr S. Zelenkov
Affiliation: Tyumen State University
Address: Tumen, Russia
Journal nameRossiiskaia arkheologiia
EditionIssue 2
Pages147-166
Abstract

The authors characterize the pattern of historical and cultural processes in the western part of Western Siberia in terms of the Magyars origins issue. The article criticizes the primordialistic concept of the connection of their ancestral home with the Sargat forest-steppe culture of the early Iron Age. According to the analysis of the material culture of the late 3rd–8th century AD based on the Bakal, Potchevash and Karym sites and the fixation of the enclaves of the early Turks, a conclusion is drawn about the polyethnic nature of the population, its high dynamics of settling and contacts. It seems promising to consider several cultures of the early Middle Ages with regard to the fact of the exodus of the “Seven Magyars” political union supporting V.A. Ivanov’s point of view. The task of the next research is to compare the sites of the 6th–8th centuries of the Bakal culture in the forest-steppe Tobol River region, the Potchevash culture of the forest-steppe and the Irtysh taiga, and the Karayakupovo culture of the Southern Urals to verify the hypothesis of the relatively rapid formation of the Ancient Magyar under the influence of foreign policy factors. 

KeywordsWestern Siberia, Urals, the Early Middle Ages, archaeological cultures, Magyars
AcknowledgmentРабота подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, научные проекты № 19-59-23006, 19-39-90009, и Фонда “За русский язык и культуру” Венгрии.
Received28.06.2021
Publication date28.06.2021
Number of characters25915
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1 Проблема этногенеза мадьяр, наверное, – одна из самых интригующих в истории средневековых кочевников. По ней в течение более чем столетия накопилась весьма обширная литература, предложено несколько подходов к ее решению, в последние время сделаны попытки представить обобщения по археологическим (Иванов, 1999; 2008; 2015; Тюрк, 2016; Комар, 2018), историческим (Овчинникова, Дьёни, 2008; Gyóni, 2008, 2019), лингвистическим данным (Хайду, 1985; Напольских, 1997; Егоров, 2013). В настоящей работе своей задачей мы видим выработку подхода к изучению урало-сибирского круга археологических культур, связанных с формированием мадьяр, не противоречиво сочетающего данные смежных наук.
2 Письменные источники фиксируют появление венгров в периферийных зонах европейского мира: в 819 г., около 830 г.; в 862 г. венгры еще проживали в Восточной Европе, а около 895 г. переселились в Карпатскую котловину. Период до IX в. характеризуется скупо, хотя в венгерской историографии предполагается преемственность мадьяр с оногурами и аварами, начиная с VII в. (László, 1978; Moravcsik, 1914. 280–292.old.; Szűcs, 1992). Действительно, предшествующие аварским контакты с тюркоязычным населением документируются значительной группой слов из языков огуро-булгарского круга (Хайду, 1985; Егоров 2013. С. 57). В венгерских письменных источниках упоминается край «Дентумогер» как название территории, откуда началось движение мадьяр (Kristó, 1996. 96.old). Вопрос о ее границах на сегодня очень спорный. Древность этого термина указывает на то, что до IX в. (terminus ante quem распада мадьяр на разные группы) существовало общее мадьярское этническое самосознание.
3 Топонимика определяет территорию мадьярской прародины восточнее и южнее Урала (Матвеев, 1961. С. 139), а в Приуралье угро-язычное население появляется в ходе миграции западносибирских групп (Напольских, 1997. С. 68). Самые поздние исторические источники застают его по ту и другую стороны Уральского хребта. Имеются свидетельства обитания манси в Предуралье и Башкирском Зауралье с южной границей по р. Белая (Соколова, 1975; Хисамитдинова, 1988). Эти данные делают вероятной единую ойкумену угро-язычных народов в I тыс. н.э., признаваемую многими исследователями (см., например: Белавин и др., 2009; Фодор, 2015; Кулешов, 2017. С. 82). Сибирское происхождение языка мадьяр не вызывает сомнения, так как имеется общая лексика у венгерского и самодийских языков: этноним «мадьяр» (маджар) этимологически совпадает с этнонимом «манси» (Хелимский, 1982. С. 123–125). По данным лингвистики и письменных источников определяется очень широкий ареал, где могли изначально проживать мадьяры в начале IX в.: склоны Урала, его южная часть, а также прилегающие лесостепные и подтаежные районы Западной Сибири.
4 Учитывая факт миграции, исследователи искали материальные следы культуры предков мадьяр в Восточной Европе по археологическим материалам, типологически отличающимся от серийно встречающихся в Приуралье (так называемые венгерские маркеры: шкура коня в могиле головой к покойнику, сумочки-ташки, лицевые покрытия, «венгерский» художественный стиль торевтики, серьги с многочастными привесками и др.). Сибирские аналогии использовались применительно к объяснению происхождения неволинской (Голдина, Водолаго, 1990. С. 4, 5; Голдина, 2004. С. 268), кушнаренковской и караякуповской археологических культур (Казаков, 2007. С. 49; Иванов, 2008. С. 96, 97; 2015. С. 215). Считалось, что распад «саргатской общности» в Западной Сибири и миграция ее населения в период Великого переселения народов обусловили появление новых очагов культурогенеза в Приуралье (Тот, 1970; Халикова, 1976; Могильников, 1987. С. 163; 1994. С. 67, 68; Косарев, 1991. С. 27; Корякова, 1994; Фодор, 2015. С. 22–25).

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