Chinese Ports Blockade by the Nationalists Navy, Background to the 1954 Capture of the Tanker Tuapse

 
PIIS013128120015889-8-1
DOI10.31857/S013128120015889-8
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnology of Far-Eastern People RAS FEB Leading Researcher
Affiliation: Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnology of Far-Eastern People RAS FEB
Address: Vladivostok, 89, Pushkinskaya Str.
Journal nameProblemy Dalnego Vostoka
EditionIssue 5
Pages137-148
Abstract

In 1949, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army drove Chiang Kai-shek’s followers from the mainland to the island of Taiwan, but the Chinese Nationalists did not resign themselves to defeat. Enlisting the support of its American allies, the Kuomintang tried to impose a naval blockade on the People’s Republic of China and detained foreign cargo ships on their way to the communists. The Nationalists announced the closure of the ports taken over by the CCP-led military forces, which gradually turned into an economic and military blockade of the entire China coastline. As a result, foreign and Chinese merchant ships that were carrying cargo to the PRC were shelled, destroyed, or detained by Nationalist naval ships. The notorious one was the seizure of the Soviet oil tanker Tuapse in 1954.

The author, referring to the prehistory of the Tuapse detention, investigates the Nationalists’ justification of the closure policy, its goals and objectives. The paper reveals also the rules adopted by the government of the ROC Navy's interaction with foreign vessels, and touches upon the extent of the US involvement in maritime operations, using unexplored documents, and comments of senior ROC government officials.

KeywordsPort-closure policy by Chinese nationalists, foreign vessels detainment, USSR Tuapse tanker
Received08.05.2021
Publication date18.10.2021
Number of characters26620
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 679

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Disruption to Shipping in the China Trade — Major Problem to Peiping, 19 Aug 1954 / General CIA Records. Current Intelligence Review. P. 10–11. URL: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp61s00527a000200010070–8 (accessed: 13.05.2021).

2. Garver, John W. The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia, New York: M.E. Sharpe (Routledge), 1997.

3. Golovachev, Valentin. Zahvat tankera “Tuapse”: amerikanskij gambit, pobochnye effekty I Dogovor o vzaimnoi oborone s Taivanem (Seizure of Tanker "Tuapse": American Gambit, Side Effects and the US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty). Russia and the Pacific. 2018. № 3 (101). P. 95–110. (In Russ.).

4. Nekrasov Andrey. Priklyucheniya kapitana Vrungelya (The Adventures of Captain Vrungel). Moscow: Detgiz, 1958. (In Russ.).

5. Poizner Mikhail. Kak tanker “Tuapse” popal v “Chrezvychainoe proisshestvie” (How Tanker “Tuapse” got into “The Emergency Case”) // The Vessels of My Memory. Historical-Documentary Essay. Odessa: Optimum, 2006. P. 76–129. (In Russ.).

6. Resolution of the General Assembly on the Application Against Communist China and North Korea, May 18, 1951. The United States and the Korean Problem: Documents, 1943–1953. P. 56. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953. URL: https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=vWPvyVYspoUC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=UN+Document+A/1805&source=bl&ots=hxS1DV-ze-&sig=ACfU3U1ilncZ65StxP47s06tph59GMQnEQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivu7v5lc3mAhXpFqYKHRhsDtsQ6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=UN%20Document%20A%2F1805&f=false (accessed: 25.12.2019)

7. UK Navy Denies Frigate Turned Back by Nationalists (1953.9.11). 布拉沙油輪船員向我尋求政治庇護等. 外交部. 國史館. 典藏號: 020–099909–0025 (Appeal of Praca Tanker Crew Members for Political Asylum, etc). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Academia Historica. Arch. no. 020–099909–0025.

8. Vradiy Sergey. Rokovoy reys tankera «Tuapse»: khronika zaderzhaniya (The Fateful Voyage of Tanker “Tuapse”: Chronicle of Detention). Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, 2020, vol. 20, no. 10: Oriental Studies. P. 59–73. DOI 10.25205/1818–7919–2020–19–10–59–73. (In Russ.).

9. 蔡佳妘:蔣介石是國際公認海賊王! 派軍艦洗劫貨船, 連英國, 蘇聯都敢惹…揭台灣“海盜王國”黑歷史. 風傳媒. 2019.02.14. (Cai Jia-yun. Chiang Kai-shek, the Internationally Recognized Pirate King! Sending Warships to loot Freighters, and even being dare to provoke the UK and USSR… The Black History of Taiwan's ‘Pirate Kingdom’ Revealed) //The Storm Media. 14 February 2019.URL: https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/939009 (accessed: 22.06.2021). (In Chin.).

10. 葉公超呈蔣中正各方建議將關閉政策改變為正式封鎖似仍應慎重考慮(1950.3.7). 革命文獻—對聯合國外交. 蔣中正總統文物. 國史館. 典藏號: 002–020400–00051–177 (“Report Note from Yeh Kung-chao to Chiang Kai-shek, Proposing Careful Consideration to the Suggestions of Different Parties on Turning the Closure Policy into a Real Blockade (7 March 1950)”). Revolutionary Documents—Foreign Policy towards the United Nations. Proceedings of President Chiang Kai-shek. Academia Historica. Digital arch. no. 002–020400–00051–177. (In Chin.).

11. 傅建中: 從美國國務院秘密外交文件中看「陶甫斯號」 (Fu Jian-zhong. US State Department classified materials on the Tuapse) // 中國時報.台北. 1988年3月30日.

12. 管制外籍船舶資匪航運臨時辦法(1954.4.3). 關閉領海港口執行法規彙編. 國防部國軍史政檔案. 檔號: 39_560.1_7777_4_2_00027007 (“Temporary Measures to Supervise Maritime Transport by Foreign Vessels to Communist-controlled (lit.: “bandits”) areas (3 April 1954)”). Compilation of Execution Regulations on the Closure of Ports in the Territorial Sea. Ministry of National Defense Archives. Arch. no. 39_560.1_7777_4_2_00027007. (In Chin.).

13. 何燿光:海軍關閉大陸港口政策之研究—戡亂作戰中一個幾乎被遺忘的部分. 中華軍史學會會刊7 (2002.04). Pp. 45–73. (He Yao-guang. A Study of the Policy of Closing Mainland Chinese Ports by Naval Forces—an Almost Forgotten Episode of the Mutiny Suppression)// The Chinese Society for Military History Studies Annual. Issue 7. April 2002. P. 45–73. (In Chin.).

14. 林宏一:«台海中立»時期中華民國武裝部隊對大陸沿海外籍船舶的干涉行動,1950–1952. 海洋文化學刊. 2009. № 6. 頁 59–82 (Lin Hong-yi, The Interference of Foreign Shipping on China Seas by the ROC Armed Forces during the Period of “Neutralization of the Straits of Formosa”, 1950–1952) //Oceanic Culture Journal, (6), 2009. P. 59–82. (In Chin.).

15. 林獻堂著,許雪姬編:灌園先生日記(廿六)一九五四年. 臺北:中央研究院, 2013 (Hsu Hsueh-chi ed. The Diary of Lin Hsien-t’ang (vol. 26, 1954), in 27 vls. Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2013. (In Chin.).

16. 呂芳上編, 蔣中正先生年譜長編(第十冊), 臺北: 國史館, 2015 (Liu Fang-shang ed. A Chronicle of Chiang Kai-shek (vol. 10), in 12 vls. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2015. (In Chin.).

17. 行政院令卅八穗五字第四八九六號(1949.06.18). 總統府公報0229號4版 (Executive Yuan Order No. 38-sui 5–4896 (18 June 1949)) //Presidential Office Gazette. Issue 0229. P. 4. (In Chin.).

18. 張淑雅. 臺海危機前美國對外島的政策(1953–1954), 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊23下(1994.06). Pp. 293–330 (Zhang Shu-ya. “Prelude to Crisis: Eisenhower's Policy toward the Chinese Offshore Islands”, 1953–1954). Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica. Vol. 23 part 2. June 1994. Pp. 293–330. (In Chin.).

19. 中華民國年鑒(民國四十年)臺北:中華民國年鑒社編印 (The Republic of China Yearbook (40th year of the R.O.C.)) Taipei: ed. and publ. by the R.O.C. Yearbook Society, 1951. (In Chin.).

(Рис._1.png, 7,522 Kb) [Download]

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up