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“Strategem Adaptation” of China in the Face of Enforced Inclusion in the Westfal System of International Relations
 
PIIS013128120010490-0-1
DOI10.31857/S013128120010490-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Vladimir Korsun 
Occupation: Associate Professor, Department of Oriental Studies
Affiliation: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameProblemy Dalnego Vostoka
EditionIssue 3
Pages134-152
Abstract

The defeat in the “opium wars” made a situation, when for the first time in history, the mechanism of cultural and biological assimilation of invaded “barbarians” by China did not work, and the empire was forced to adjust the centuries-old “Chinese world order” to the new system of international relationship. The violent nature of the inclusion of Qing China into the Westphalian system predetermined the desperate resistance and maneuvering of the Manchu court in the face of the European norms and rules of international communication. By studying original Chinese sources, the article characterizes China's “stratagem adaptation” to foreign diplomatic practice, reveals its commonalities and peculiarities vis-a-vis the classical attributes of the “tributary system”, and testify parallel coexistence of the both.

On the base of examples — the creation of the Zongli yamen; the first Chinese mission, led by US citizen A. Burlingame; the first Chinese embassy in London, led by Guo Songtao, — the article demonstrate a set of tricks, mainly of a ritual-protocol nature, within the, "Self-reinforcement " policy of China. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of ethno-psycho-linguistic difficulties and nuances of mutual understanding within the framework of the growing "dialogue of civilizations." According to the results of the study, the author concludes that nothing disappears in the “historical memory” of the people, and without such an excursion into history it is impossible to understand the real content and prospects of the “Chinese dream”.

KeywordsQing imperia, tributary system, opium wars, koutou diplomacy, self-reinforcement, stratagemic tricks, Zongli Yamen, Burlingame, Guo Songtao, European etiquette and protocol, dialogue of civilizations
Received09.07.2020
Publication date20.07.2020
Number of characters66983
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