The Dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and the Fate of Transylvania

 
PIIS013038640008650-3-1
DOI10.31857/S013038640008650-3
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Institute of Slavic Studies RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameNovaia i noveishaia istoriia
EditionIssue 2
Pages58-72
Abstract

Having its own state tradition, Transylvania, one of the Hungarian Crown Lands, was deprived of all the remnants of the former autonomy and integrated into a unitary Hungarian state due to the conclusion in 1867 of an agreement on the transformation of the Austrian Empire into a dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy. At the beginning of the 20th century the Romanian national movement of Transylvania was noticeably strengthened, becoming an important centrifugal factor in the Hungarian half of the Empire. As the crisis of the dual system deepened, it was increasingly oriented towards royal Romania and associated the embodiment of its national ideals with the unification of all Romanian lands, which could only be realized on the ruins of the Habsburg monarchy. Following the results of the First World War, which caused the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Transylvania, by the will of the victorious powers, became an integral part of Romania. Hungarian political opinion extremely painfully perceived the loss of this region, which was closely connected with Hungary by economic and cultural ties. The policy of the Horthy regime, aimed at the revision of the Treaty of Trianon, including the return of Transylvania, enjoyed the widest support in the society. The Transylvanian dispute between Hungary and Romania took a special place among the permanent conflicts originated in the imperfect Versailles system, fraught with new threats to the fragile balance of forces established in the interwar Europe. The coming of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933 and the approach of a new war translated the revisionist goals from the field of ideology and propaganda into the sphere of practical politics. With the Anschluss of Austria and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, the Versailles system was blown up, which opened up prospects for revising the Transylvanian problem. Having transferred the Northern Transylvania to Hungary in August 1940 with a promise to compensate for Romania’s loss at the expense of the territory of the USSR, Hitler tied both of his satellites tightly to the Third Reich. Settlement of the Transylvanian question became possible only in the bipolar Yalta-Potsdam system, when both Hungary and Romania entered the sphere of influence of the USSR.

Keywordsthe First World War, the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary, Transylvania, Romania
Received13.01.2020
Publication date27.03.2020
Number of characters40975
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 858

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Vinogradov V. N. Transil'vanskaya tragediya. — Evropejskie revolyutsii 1848 g. «Printsip natsional'nosti» v politike i ideologii. Otv. red. S. M. Fal'kovich. M., 2001, s.422—448.

2. Daragan M. Zapiski o vojne v Transil'vanii v 1849 g. SPb., 1859.

3. Demeter G. Stremleniya natsional'nykh men'shinstv v Vengrii k samostoyatel'nosti i reaktsiya vengerskikh pravitel'stv na protsess raspada istoricheskoj Vengrii (1918—1920 gg.). — Rossiya i Vengriya na perekrestkakh evropejskoj istorii, vyp. III. Stavropol' — Kaposhvar — Moskva, 2018, s. 28—49.

4. Zejdler M. Trianonskij mirnyj dogovor 1920 g. Vzglyad sovremennoj vengerskoj istoriografii. — Istoricheskaya ehkspertiza, 2019, № 2, l. 133—157.

5. Islamov T. M., Pokivajlova T. A. Vostochnaya Evropa v silovom pole velikikh derzhav. Transil'vanskij vopros. 1940—1946 gg. M., 2008.

6. Kolontari A. Peregovory po ustanovleniyu diplomaticheskikh otnoshenij mezhdu Sovetskim Soyuzom i Vengerskim korolevstvom v 1934 g. — Slavyanovedenie, 2010, № 1, s. 19—30.

7. Politicheskie partii i obschestvennye dvizheniya v monarkhii Gabsburgov, 1848—1914 gg. Ocherki. Otv. red. O. V. Khavanova. M., 2018.

8. Protokoly doprosov byvshikh rukovoditelej Rumynii marshala Iona Antonesku i Mikhaya Antonesku. — Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna. 1941 god. Otv. red. V. S. Khristoforov. M., 2011, s. 661-692.

9. Stykalin A. S. Territorial'nyj spor dvukh dunajskikh gosudarstv i sovetskogermanskoe protivostoyanie v regione. K istorii razdela Transil'vanii v avguste 1940 g. — «Zavtra mozhet byt' uzhe pozdno...» Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta. Spetsvypusk k 70-letiyu nachala Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. M., 2009, s. 291—298.

10. Stykalin A. S. Sovetskij Soyuz i problemy mezhdunarodnogo uregulirovaniya Transil'vanskogo voprosa (1945—1946 gg.). — Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna. 1945 god. Otv. red. V. S. Khristoforov. M., 2015, s. 103—146.

11. Stykalin A. S. «Vengerskaya obschestvennost' ochen' dovol'na, chto SSSR nachal razrushat' zdanie velikoj Rumynii». Reviziya versal'skikh granits Rumynii v kontekste sovetsko-vengerskikh otnoshenij nachala Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. — Ehlektronnyj nauchnoobrazovatel'nyj zhurnal «Istoriya», 2019, № 80.

12. Transil'vanskij vopros. Vengero-rumynskij territorial'nyj spor i SSSR. 1940 — 1946. Dokumenty. Otv. red. T. M. Islamov. M., 2000.

13. Shimov Ya. V. Plany ehrtsgertsoga Frantsa Ferdinanda po preobrazovaniyu Avstro-Vengrii: utopiya ili nerealizovannaya vozmozhnost'? - Slavyanovedenie, 2010, № 4, s. 11—20.

14. Ghişa A. Romania and Hungary at the Beginning of the 20-th Century. Establishing Diplomatic Relations (1918—1921). Cluj-Napoca, 2003.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up