All
 
|
 
 


“A Disunited Kingdom”: the Muslim Diaspora of Great Britain in Scientific Discussion
 
PIIS013122270016920-3-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-120-130
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Maxim Sigachev 
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Sergey Arteev
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 65 Issue 8
Pages120-130
Abstract

The present world is characterized by the growth of conflicts. Dividing lines and fractures are increasingly appearing in societies. Migration reinforces such phenomena. The West is no longer an area of stability and prosperity. Moreover, in the last two decades, the problem of integrating the descendants of migrants into society has become clear. In this regard, the scientific discussions of cultural identity acquire a high practical significance. The paper presents an analysis of the scientific discourse on the Muslim issue in the UK. The choice of the case is due to the fact that the UK is a typical Western state, where there is a steady trend to strengthen the cleavage of society. At the same time, it is noted that migration has become one of the key processes in the history of the United Kingdom. The authors apply the concepts of a divided society and responsible development. It is noted that in practice multiculturalism is changing to interculturalism as a more adequate concept of solving existing problems. According to the authors, the ethno-religious discourse on the issue of the Muslim diaspora in the UK consists of four areas: migration, school and higher education, gender, and radicalization of young people. Discourses on the problems of migration policy and functioning of diasporas, Muslim education, gender equality, and radicalization of Islamic youth can be considered derived from a higher discourse – the discourse of identity, which is based on value-worldview aspects. In conclusion, it is noted that negative processes are taking place in British society, which are of strategic importance for responsible development. According to the authors, success in overcoming divisions in British society will depend on coordinated planned actions at all levels (international, national, regional, local). “Indigenous” residents and the Muslim diaspora need to build a model of partnership, which implies mutual responsibility. The analysis of scientific discourses presented in the article inspires moderate optimism, as it offers well-founded and concrete solutions to the existing problems of British society. Although British society is divided, British scientific discourse has a common platform where researchers of different backgrounds and faiths successfully engage in dialogue.

Keywordssociocultural identity, Great Britain, United Kingdom, Islam, British Muslims, multiculturalism, interculturalism
Publication date24.09.2021
Number of characters32165
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной

Table of contents

БРИТАНСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО: ЛИНИИ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ КАК ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ И СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЛАНДШАФТ
Иммиграция в Британию: вызов и ответ
Сецессионная угроза и Brexit
МУСУЛЬМАНСКАЯ ДИАСПОРА БРИТАНИИ В НАУЧНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ
МУСУЛЬМАНСКАЯ ИММИГРАЦИЯ НА БРИТАНСКИЕ ОСТРОВА
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ БРИТАНСКИХ МУСУЛЬМАН: ИНКЛЮЗИЯ ИЛИ СЕПАРАТИЗМ?
МУСУЛЬМАНЕ БРИТАНИИ И ГЕНДЕР
МУСУЛЬМАНСКАЯ МОЛОДЕЖЬ: ПРОБЛЕМА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ И РАДИКАЛИЗАЦИЯ
1 Социально-политические процессы в современном научном дискурсе получают множество самых разнообразных интерпретаций. Многие ученые признают усложнение структуры общества большинства государств, происходящее в тесной связке с реконфигурацией международной политической и экономической архитектуры, возникновением новых центров силы и усиливающимися миграционными потоками, которые являются своеобразными знаменателем и мерой оценки текущих реалий. Все это актуализирует вопросы о сочетаемости идентичностей и общественном диалоге, оптимальных способах консолидации общества и эффективных ответах на возникающие угрозы. При этом “старый” Запад утрачивает репутацию территории стабильности и процветания, что тесно переплетается с вопросами демографии и миграции.
2 Теоретико-методологически статья базируется на концепции разделенных обществ. Понятие “разделенное общество” все чаще употребляется в политологических исследованиях, что связано с ростом конфликтности и конфронтационного потенциала в планетарных масштабах. Однако разные исследователи вкладывают в концепт “разделенные общества” отличные друг от друга смыслы [1]. Можно говорить о двух подходах к разделению (разлому, расколу) обществ: узком (спроецированном на формальных институтах) [2, 3] и широком (не носящем формально-институализированный характер) [4, 5]. Авторы считают, что разделенные общества – это социально-политические общности, в которых ценностно-мировоззренческий раскол между группами населения проецируется сразу на несколько сфер, что приводит к появлению нескольких линий разломов. Такие линии разделения не только угрожают стабильному развитию общества, но и могут ставить под вопрос само существование конкретного государства в качестве международно-политического субъекта. Своеобразными alter ego концепции разделенных обществ выступают теории устойчивого и ответственного развития [6, 7]. Следует отметить, что сегодня проблематика развития занимает важнейшее место в политической науке. Термины “общественное развитие”, “устойчивое развитие”, “ответственное развитие” стали частью лексикона политиков и широко применяются в экспертной среде.
3

БРИТАНСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО: ЛИНИИ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ КАК ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ И СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЛАНДШАФТ
4 Разделенность не является уникальной характеристикой британского общества. Однако среди государств Запада именно Британия в текущий период сталкивается с таким большим количеством разнородных взаимосвязанных угроз, что делает ее наиболее представительным примером для исследования, в том числе анализа британского научного дискурса. В первой трети XXI в. Великобритания столкнулась сразу с несколькими “разделительными” вызовами, среди которых наиболее серьезными являются инокультурная иммиграция, сецессионная угроза и Brexit.

Number of purchasers: 1, views: 479

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Kudryashova I.V. Kak obustroit' razdelennye obschestva. Politicheskaya nauka, 2016, №1, ss. 15-33. [Kudryashova I.V. How to Accomplish Stability in Divided Societies. Political Science, 2016, no. 1, pp. 15-33. (In Russ.)]

2. Rokkan S., Lipset M. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York, Free Press, 1967. 570 p.

3. Lipset M., Rokkan S. Struktury razmezhevanij, partijnye sistemy i predpochteniya izbiratelej. Partii i vybory: Khrestomatiya Ch.1. Moskva, INION, 2004, ss. 49-80. [Lipset M., Rokkan S. Division Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Preferences. Parties and Elections: A Textbook. Part 1. Moscow, INION, 2004, pp. 49-80. (In Russ.)]

4. Lijphart A. Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1977. 258 p.

5. Ponamareva A.M. Zasedanie sektsii "Razdelennye obschestva v razdelennom mire: tsennosti, identichnosti, obrazy buduschego" (V mezhdunarodnyj nauchno-ehkspertnyj forum "Primakovskie chteniya": vozvraschenie k konfrontatsii: est' li al'ternativy?", 10–11 iyunya 2019 g.) (otchet). Sotsial'nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Seriya 11: Sotsiologiya, 2019, № 4, cc. 135-139. [Ponamareva A.M. Session of the Section " Divided Societies in a Divided World: Values, Identities, Images of the Future". (V International Scientific and Expert Forum "Primakov Readings": Return to Confrontation: Are There Any Alternatives? ", June 10–11, 2019) (report). Social and Humanities Sciences. Russian and Foreign Literature. Series 11: Sociology, 2019, no. 4, pp. 135-139. (In Russ.)]

6. Razvitie i mezhdunarodnoe ehkonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo: problemy okruzhayuschej sredy. Doklad Vsemirnoj komissii po voprosam okruzhayuschej sredy i razvitiya. 04.08.1987. [Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. 04.08.1987. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/ga/pdf/brundtland.pdf  (accessed 08.01.2021).

7. Semenenko I.S. Gorizonty otvetstvennogo razvitiya: ot nauchnogo diskursa k politicheskomu upravleniyu. Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, 2019, № 3, cc. 7-26. [Semenenko I.S. Horizons of Responsible Development: From Discourse to Governance. Polis. Political Studies, 2019, no. 3, pp. 7-26. (In Russ.)] DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2019.03.02

8. Whyte I. Migration and Society in Britain, 1500-1830. London, St. Martin's Press, 2000. X, 198 p.

9. Morgan K., red. Istoriya Velikobritanii. Moskva, Ves' Mir, 2007. 680 s. [Morgan K., ed. The Oxford History of Britain. Moscow, Ves' Mir, 2007. 680 p. (In Russ.)]

10. Luu L. Immigrants and the Industries of London, 1500-1700. Burlington, VT, Ashgate, cop. 2005. xiii, 366 p.

11. Fedorov S.E. Britanskaya identichnost'/identichnosti v ranee Novoe vremya. Vestnik SPbGU. Ser. 2, 2013, vyp.3, ss. 75-81. [Fedorov S.E. British Identity/Identities in the Early Modern Period. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2013, iss. 3, pp. 75-81. (In Russ.)]

12. Braun G. Chto znachit byt' britantsem. Rossiya v global'noj politike, 2006, № 5. [Braun G. What It Means to Be British. Russia in Global Affairs, 2006, no. 5. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/chto-znachit-byt-britanczem/  (accessed 10.10.2020).

13. Borodaj S. Islam v Velikobritanii. Islam v sovremennom mire, 2014, № 1, cc. 69-74. [Borodai S. Islam in Great Britain. Islam v sovremennom mire, 2014, no. 1, pp. 69-74. (In Russ.)]

14. Research Report on Population Estimates by Ethnic Group and Religion. Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/researchreportonpopulationestimatesbyethnicgroupandreligion/2019-12-04#population-estimates-by-ethnic-group  (accessed 09.10.2020).

15. Orlov A.A. Problema setsessii na sovremennom ehtape (Na primere Shotlandii i Katalonii). Obozrevatel' – Observer, 2015, № 1, ss. 67-80. [Orlov A.A. The Problem of Secession at the Present Stage (On the Example of Scotland and Catalonia). Obozrevatel' – Observer, 2015, no. 1, pp. 67-80. (In Russ.)]

16. Paul D.E. The “Civic” Road to Secession: Political Ideology as an Ethnic Boundary Marker in Contemporary Scotland. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2020, no. 2, pp. 167-182. DOI: 10.1080/13537113.2020.1753327

17. King Ch. Shotlandskaya igra. Stremlenie Ehdinburga k nezavisimosti i buduschee separatizma. Rossiya v global'noj politike, 2012, № 6, cc. 56-66. [King Ch. The Scottish game. Edinburgh's Desire for Independence and the Future of Separatism. Russia in Global Affairs, 2012, no. 6, pp. 56-66. (In Russ.)] DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104073

18. Shotlandiya planiruet provesti novyj referendum o nezavisimosti. Rossijskaya gazeta, 03.09.2020. [Scotland Plans to Hold a New Independence Referendum. Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 03.09.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://rg.ru/2020/09/03/shotlandiia-planiruet-provesti-novyj-referendum-o-nezavisimosti.html  (accessed 22.09.2020). 

19. Kharitonova E.M. Politicheskaya situatsiya v Britanii cherez prizmu obschestvennogo mneniya. Sovremennaya Evropa, 2020, № 1, ss. 123-134. [Kharitonova E.M. Weariness and Disillusion: Political Situation in Britain through the prism of Public Opinion. Contemporary Europe, 2020, no. 1, pp. 123-134. (In Russ.)] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope12020123134
 
20. Nechaeva A.A. Natsional'naya partiya Uehl'sa i transformatsiya vallijskosti: mekhanizm sokhraneniya natsional'noj identichnosti v XX v. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020, № 455, cc. 109-116. [Nechaeva A.A. The National Party of Wales and the Transformation of Welshness: The Mechanism of Maintaining National Identity in the 20th Century. Tomsk State University Journal, 2020, no. 455, pp. 109-116. (In Russ.)] DOI: 10.17223/15617793/455/16

21. Gehring K., Schneider S.A. Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism. Journal of Public Economics, 2020, vol. 181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104073

22. Pristup tsentrobezhnosti: Perspektiva raspada Soedinennogo Korolevstva vyglyadit vse bolee real'noj (2020). Kommersant.Ogonek, 09.11.2020. [A Bout of Decentralization Force: The Prospect of a Break-up of the United Kingdom Looks Increasingly Real (2020). Kommersant.Ogonek, 09.11.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4557919  (accessed 29.01.2021).

23. UK Population. Mid-year Estimate (2019). Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/  (accessed 08.10.2020).

24. Religion in England and Wales 2011. Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11  (accessed 30.12.2020).

25. A Review of Survey Research on Muslims in Britain. IPSOS MORI. (2018). Available at: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2018-03/a-review-of-survey-research-on-muslims-in-great-britain-ipsos-mori_0.pdf  (accessed 30.12.2020).

26. Table 1. Religion in Great Britain. 02.08.2018. Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/muslimpopulationintheuk//  (accessed 28.01.2021).

27. Iqbal J. The Diverse Origins of Britain's Muslims. BBC, 18.01.2016. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33715473  (accessed 28.01.2021).

28. Strabac Z., Aalberg T., Valenta M. Attitudes towards Muslim Immigrants: Evidence from Survey Experiments across Four Countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 100-118. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.831542

29. Jørgen N. Muslims in Britain: Searching for an identity? New Community, 1987, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 384-394. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.1987.9975994

30. Barder Ch. Islam in Britain, Part I: The Situation. Ariel Center for Policy Research. Available at: http://www.acpr.org.il/madorim/0902-UK-barderE2.pdf  (accessed 28.01.2021)

31. Andreescu V. Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy in United Kingdom. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2011, no. 2, pp. 61-85.

32. Moghiss H., Ghorashi H., eds. Muslim Diaspora in the West. Negotiating Gender, Home and Belonging. London, New York, Routledge, 2016. 223 p.

33. Contextualising Islam in Britain II. University of Cambridge in Association with The Universities of Exeter and Westminster. January 2012. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20140323044028/http://www.cis.cam.ac.uk/assets/media/cib2-complete-report.pdf  (accessed 19.05.2021)

34. Joppke Ch. Immigration and the Nation-State. The United States, Germany and Great Britain. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999. 364 p.

35. Imène A. Muslims in France and Great Britain: Issues of Securitization, Identities and Loyalties Post 9/11. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2014, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 123-133. DOI: 10.1080/13602004.2014.911583

36. Maxwell R. Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-offs. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012. 262 p.

37. Morris M. Building a post-Brexit Immigration System for the Economic Recovery. November 2020. IPPR. Available at: https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/post-brexit-migration  (accessed 09.01.2021).

38. New Migration System Risks Covid Economic Recovery Due to Curbs on Carers and Key Workers, Warns IPPR. November 2020. IPPR. Available at: https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/new-migration-system-risks-covid-economic-recovery-due-to-curbs-on-carers-and-key-workers-warns-ippr  (accessed 09.01.2021).

39. Timol R. Ethno-religious Socialisation, National Culture and the Social Construction of British Muslim Identity. Contemporary Islam, vol. 14, iss. 3, pp. 331-360. DOI: 10.1007/s11562-020-00454-y

40. Reddie R. Black Muslims in Britain. Oxford, Lion Hudson, 2009. 272 p.

41. Carr H. ‘I Think You Have Ignored the Relevant Provisions of the 1944 Education Act’: Muslims, the State and Education in England. Contemporary British History, 2021, vol. 35, pp. 52-71. DOI: 10.1080/13619462.2020.1799351

42. Lahmar F. Islamic Education: An Islamic “Wisdom-Based Cultural Environment” in a Western Context. Religions, 2020, vol. 11, iss. 8, pp. 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/rel11080409

43. Stott P. Rising Islamism in British Schools Threatens Free Speech. 31.03.2021. Available at: https://spectator.org/batley-school-muhammad-blasphemy-codes-islamism/  (accessed 02.04.2021).

44. Breen D. Critical Race Theory, Policy Rhetoric and Outcomes: The Case of Muslim Schools in Britain. Race Ethnicity and Education, 2018, vol. 21, iss. 1, pp. 30-44. DOI: 10.1080/13613324.2016.1248828

45. Sidat H. Between Tradition and Transition: An Islamic Seminary, or Dar al-Uloom in Modern Britain. Religions, 2018, vol. 9, iss. 10. DOI: 10.3390/rel9100314

46. Cheruvallil-Contractor S. Women in Britain’s First Muslim Mosques: Hidden from History, but not without Influence. Religions, 2020, vol. 11, iss. 2. DOI: 10.3390/rel11020062

47. Gill A.K., Harvey H. Examining the Impact of Gender on Young People’s Views of Forced Marriage in Britain. Feminist Criminology, 2017, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 72-100. DOI: 10.1177/1557085116644774

48. Bi S. More than “Multiple Jeopardy”: Navigating the Legal System as a British-Muslim-woman-litigant-in-person. Journal of Muslims in Europe, 2019, vol. 8, iss. 3, pp. 247-264. DOI: 10.1163/22117954-12341403

49. Liberatore G. Guidance as ‘Women’s Work’: A New Generation of Female Islamic Authorities in Britain. Religions, 2019, vol. 10, iss. 11. DOI: 10.3390/rel10110601

50. Shah S. “I Am a Muslim First …” Challenges of Muslimness and the UK State Schools. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 2018, pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/15700763.2017.1398335

51. Ivshina O. Molodye musul'mane v Britanii – agressory ili zhertvy? BBC.Russkaya sluzhba, 04.07.2017. [Ivshina O. Who are young Muslims in Britain – aggressors or victims? BBC, 04.07.2017. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-40195094  (accessed 12.02.2021).

52. Siddiqui A. Muslims In Britain: Past and Present. Available at: https://muslimpopulation.com/library/History/Muslims%20In%20Britain.pdf  (accessed 10.01.2021).

53. Parekh B. Does Islam Threaten Democracy? Project-Syndicate, 11.07.2003. Available at: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/parekh1/Russian  (accessed 10.01.2021).

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up