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Competitive Education in the Third Millenium: Quo Vadis?
 
PIIS013122270013255-1-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-11-23-30
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Nadezhda M. Rozanova 
Affiliation: National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)
Address: 20, Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow. 101000, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 64 Issue 11
Pages23-30
Abstract

The 21st century competition has proved to become an educational rivalry. International leader and competitive champion will be the nation that will catch the new global trends in contemporary education and adequately modernize its training of personnel system. The article is aimed at demonstrating the newest tendencies in education sphere that have arisen in the latest years. The review of the empirical investigations, statistical data and theoretical concepts can forecast future development of education models under globalization and digitalization. The latest decades have demonstrated radical changes in labor market all over the world. The participation rate of low educated employees has significantly declined. The majority of labor force now have education (bachelor/master degree). The gap in wages between low- and higher-educated workers has also risen. What factors can explain the education premium? The viewpoints of Gary Beсker and Michael Spence are nowadays far from adequately explaining the education-related bonus dynamics. In a global digitalized economy the benefits from education lie mostly in public good nature of learning. Value of education is considered to be not only in economic terms (like productivity and income) but also in terms of its major contribution to social, political, religious and cultural life of the society. Education transforms personal tastes, values and preferences towards healthier and more ecologically friendly alternatives. As education, especially higher education, is becoming a kind of a merit good for all, new roles for a teacher have occurred. The educator now is not a monopolistic provider of information. Rather, he is a consultant and a tutor in a system of relationships where students are treated as equal partners in the educational process. Can online education fully substitute class learning? Empirical data does not provide evidence for giving a positive answer. The existence of peer effect means that effective education advances can be achieved only under personal (offline) interactions between peer students and teachers. Competitive education nowadays represents a special model of social relationships. It is not just a contact of a student with an object, whether the latter be virtual or real. Basically, it is a dialogue between two parts with equal rights, a teacher and a student, and its inner intensity depends on personal communication face-to-face.

Keywordshuman capital, education, digitalization, online lectures, peer effect, competitiveness
Received29.12.2020
Publication date29.12.2020
Number of characters22597
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Table of contents

НОВАЯ СТАРАЯ РОЛЬ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: БЕККЕР ПРОТИВ СПЕНСА
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАК ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ БЛАГО: НОВЫЕ ВЫЗОВЫ
ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И ЭФФЕКТ ГРУППЫ
* * *
1 К XXI веку многие, если и не все, традиционные факторы экономического роста оказались исчерпанными. Новым драйвером успешности страны в глобальной экономике и повышения благосостояния ее граждан становится образование.
2 Если в 1980-е годы в развитых странах в среднем работник с вузовским дипломом (бакалавр) зарабатывал в 1.26 раза больше, чем выпускник средней школы, то в 2015 г. разница составила 1.68 раза [1, р. 166]. Расхождение между зарплатами сотрудников с более высоким уровнем образования (магистратура и аспирантура) и индивидами с дипломом средней школы увеличилось с 1.41 раза в 1980-е годы до 2.17 раза в 2015 г. Было установлено, что 1%-й рост баллов по итоговым тестам в школе приводит к увеличению на 0.57% индивидуального дохода от образования, а улучшение качества образования на 1% сопровождается приростом совокупного выпуска страны на 0.2% в год [2, р. 181].
3

НОВАЯ СТАРАЯ РОЛЬ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: БЕККЕР ПРОТИВ СПЕНСА
4 В чем с точки зрения экономического анализа состоит ценность образования? Чем объяснить наличие премии за него в заработной плате работников, получивших более высокое образование, по сравнению с менее образованными коллегами?
5 Долгое время доминировала концепция Г. Беккера, согласно которой считалось, что образование, являясь инвестицией в человеческий капитал, повышает производительность труда работника [3]. Чем выше уровень образования, тем более высокой представляется продуктивность работника и тем значительнее его монопольная рента – сверхнормальная заработная плата, превышающая среднюю величину по отрасли. Однако в 1970-е годы выяснилось, что хотя в США (как и во всем западном мире) образовательная премия резко возросла, это не сопровождалось сопоставимым ростом производительности труда образованных работников.
6 В 1973 г. появилась работа М. Спенса [4], который делал акцент не на реальной производительности труда (во многих случаях мифической), связанной с получением образования, а на значимости диплома как сигнала “качества” работника. Работодатель, нанимающий сотрудника с небольшим или отсутствующим опытом работы, заинтересован в том, чтобы как можно быстрее определить его истинную эффективность и предложить ему адекватную заработную плату.
7 Однако при этом в условиях сильной информационной асимметрии работодатель подвержен ошибкам двух типов. Он может назначить высокую заработную плату низкопроизводительному работнику – и будет нести потери, а уволить работника не так-то просто! Если же работодатель назначает низкую зарплату высокопроизводительному работнику, тот может отказаться от места – и опять же работодатель оказывается в проигрыше, не сумев заинтересовать эффективного сотрудника. Спенс доказывал, что единственно работающий способ найти оптимальное решение – ориентироваться на наличие или отсутствие диплома у соискателя.

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