Mission of Foreign Protestants in Russia on the Eve and during the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War

Based on the study of a wide range of sources (published and unpublished), the article explores the activities of foreign Protestant missions in Russia on the eve and during the years of the revolution, the Civil War and foreign intervention (1917—1922). The intensification of the bilateral process of interaction between Russian and foreign Protestantism during the years of the revolution, the Civil War and the intervention in Russia under the conditions of the proclaimed freedom of conscience and the absence of legislative restrictions on missionary activity, was associated, both with the global missionary designs of foreign, primarily American missionary and Christian humanitarian organizations, and with the internal trends in the development of the domestic Evangelical-Baptist community, which has set as its goal the large-scale evangelization of Russia. Using the example of the largest denominations — Evangelical Christianity and Baptism, the impact of foreign missionaries and missionary organizations on domestic Protestantism is studied, the main countries-“importers” of the mission, its goals, methods and forms of missionary work, the main directions of interaction with Russian believers are identified.

Keywords

mission, missionary, Protestantism, Baptism, Evangelical Christianity, Revolution, Civil War, intervention

Received

26.07.2021

Publication date

15.09.2021

Number of characters

87813

Cite

GOST	Potapova N. Mission of Foreign Protestants in Russia on the Eve and during the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War // ISTORIYA – 2021. – V. 12. – Issue 8 (106) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://history.jes.su/S207987840016693-1-1 (circulation date: 25.08.2024). DOI: 10.18254/S207987840016693-1
MLA	Potapova, Natalya "Mission of Foreign Protestants in Russia on the Eve and during the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War." ISTORIYA 12.8 (106) (2021) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840016693-1
APA	Potapova N. (2021). Mission of Foreign Protestants in Russia on the Eve and during the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War. ISTORIYA 12(8 (106)) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840016693-1

100 rub.

When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 298

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Vardin A. Naskol'ko samobytnym bylo baptistskoe dvizhenie v Rossijskoj imperii? // Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii «105 let legalizatsii russkogo baptizma», 5—7 aprelya 2011 goda / red.-sost. sost. N. A. Belyakova, A. V. Sinichkin. M.: RS EKhB, 2011.

2. Veber M. Protestantskaya ehtika i dukh kapitalizma. Ivanovo-Frankovsk: Ist-V'yu, 2002.

3. Dik I. P. Stanovlenie evangel'sko-baptistskogo bratstva v Rossii (1860—1887): novye fakty iz arkhiva V. A. Pashkova i ikh osmyslenie // Materialy nauchno-bogoslovskoj konferentsii Rossijskogo Soyuza evangel'skikh khristian-baptistov «140 let rossijskomu baptizmu. Proshloe, nastoyaschee, perspektivy». Moskva, 18—19 oktyabrya 2007 g. M.: RS EKhB, 2008.

4. Evtushevskij A. G. Ideologicheskaya interventsiya SShA na Dal'nem Vostoke i bor'ba s nej (1917—1922 gg.): dis. … kand. ist. nauk. Tomsk, 1980.

5. Istoriya baptizma: Sbornik. Vyp. 1 / sost i predisl. S. V. Sannikova. Odessa: OBS, «Bogomyslie», 1996.

6. Kale V. Evangel'skie khristiane v Rossii i Sovetskom Soyuze / per. P. I. Skvortsova s izdaniya izdatel'stva Oneken, Vupertal', Kassel', 1978 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.ecbarchive.org/content/books/#Monografii

7. Karetnikova M. S. Russkoe bogoiskatel'stvo. Natsional'nye korni evangel'sko-baptistskogo dvizheniya // Al'manakh po istorii russkogo baptizma / sost. M. S. Karetnikova. 3-e izd. SPb.: Bibliya dlya vsekh; Protestant, 2006.

8. Kovalenko L. Oblako svidetelej Khristovykh (72 biografii s fotografiyami). 3-e izd. dop. Kiev: Tsentr Khristianskogo Sotrudnichestva, 2002.

9. Kosichenko A. G. Globalizatsiya i religiya // Vek globalizatsii. 2013. № 1.

10. Kravetskij A. Tserkovnaya missiya v ehpokhu peremen (mezhdu propoved'yu i dialogom). M.: Dukhovnaya biblioteka, 2012.

11. Missiologiya: Biblejskij, istoricheskij, kul'turnyj, strategicheskij aspekty: Uchebnoe posobie / pod red. A. Chatskogo, V. Overtona. M.: Assotsiatsiya «Dukhovnoe vozrozhdenie», 2001.

12. Mitrokhin L. N. Baptizm. M.: Politizdat, 1966.

13. Mitrokhin L. N. Baptizm: istoriya i sovremennost' (filosofsko-sotsiologicheskie ocherki). SPb.: RKhGI, 1997.

14. Nagirnyak A. Zhizn' i sluzhenie Vil'gel'ma Fetlera // Bratskij vestnik. 2010. № 3.

15. Nikol'skaya T. K. Russkij protestantizm i gosudarstvennaya vlast' v 1905—1991 gg. SPb.: Izd-vo Evropejskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, 2009.

16. Plett I. P. Istoriya evangel'skikh khristian-baptistov s 1905 po 1944 g. // Zdes' terpenie i vera svyatykh. № 3. 2001 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.blagovestnik.org/books/00360.htm

17. Potapova N. V. K voprosu o religioznom aspekte geopoliticheskikh i messianskikh idej SShA nakanune interventsii na Dal'nem Vostoke Rossii (1918—1920) // The Second International Conference on History and Political Sciences. Proceedings of the Conference (June 9, 2014). “East West” Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH. Vienna. 2014.

18. Potapova N. V. «Globalizatsionnyj proekt» SShA v nachale KhKh v.: religioznyj aspekt (po materialam zarubezhnykh issledovanij) // Religiya. Obschestvo. Chelovek: materialy I Mezhdunarodnykh nauchnykh chtenij, Simferopol' — Partenit, 27—29 aprelya 2018 g. Simferopol', 2018.

19. Puzynin A. Traditsiya evangel'skikh khristian: analiz samoidentifikatsii (1874—2008) // Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii «105 let legalizatsii russkogo baptizma», 5—7 aprelya 2011 g. / red.-sost. N. A. Belyakova, A. V. Sinichkin. M.: RS EKhB, 2011.

20. Puzynin A. Traditsiya evangel'skikh khristian: izuchenie samoidentifikatsii i bogosloviya ot momenta ee zarozhdeniya do nashikh dnej. M.: Izd-vo BBI, 2010.

21. Savin A. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i evangel'skie tserkvi Sibiri v 1920—1941 gg. Dokumenty i materialy // Sostavlenie, vstupitel'naya stat'ya i kommentarii A. I. Savina. Novosibirsk: Posokh, 2004.

22. Savinskij S. N. Istoriya evangel'skikh khristian-baptistov Ukrainy, Rossii, Belorussii (1917—1967 gg.). Ch. II. SPb.: Bibliya dlya vsekh, 2001.

23. Svischev M. P. Missionerskaya deyatel'nost' v kontekste geopolitiki: avtoref. dis. … kand. filos. nauk. M., 1999.

24. Sorokin K. Eh. Geopolitika sovremennosti i geostrategiya Rossii. M.: ROSSPEhN, 1996.

25. Trofimchuk N. A., Svischyov M. P. Ehkspansiya. M.: EhKSMO, 2000.

26. Fetler Vasilij. Schit very i mech dukhovnyj. M.: Khristianskij tsentr «Logos», 2008.

27. Cherenkov M. N. Formirovanie sotsial'no-bogoslovskoj identichnosti evangel'skogo dvizheniya v Rossii // Materialy nauchno-bogoslovskoj konferentsii Rossijskogo Soyuza evangel'skikh khristian-baptistov «140 let rossijskomu baptizmu. Proshloe, nastoyaschee, perspektivy». Moskva, 18—19 oktyabrya 2007 g. M.: RS EKhB, 2007.

28. Bosch D. J. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll; N. Y: Orbis, 1991.

29. Brackney W. H. The Baptists. N. Y.: Greenwood Press, 1988.

30. Brouwer S., Gifford P., Rose S. D. Exporting the American gospel: global Christian fundamentalism. N. Y.; L.: Routledge, 1996.

31. Clarke J. E. Points at Issue between “Fundamentalists” and “Modernists”. Nashville, Tenn.: Advance, 1923.

32. Comaroff J., Comaroff J. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

33. Comaroff J., Comaroff J. Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

34. Controversy in the Twenties: Fundamentalism, Modernism and Evolution / ed. by Gatewood W. B. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1969.

35. Davis D. E., Trani E. P. The American YMCA and the Russian Revolution // Slavic Review. 1974. Sep. Vol. 33. № 3 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2494734

36. Durasoff S. The Russian Protestants: Evangelicals in the Soviet Union: 1944—1964. Cranbury, N. J.: Associated University Press, 1969.

37. Foglesong D. S. Redeeming Russia? American missionaries and Tsarist Russia, 1886—1917 // Religion, state and Society. 1997. Vol. 25. № 4 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/25-4_353.pdf

38. Foglesong D. S. The American Mission and the “Evil Empire”: The Crusade for a “Free Russia” since 1881. N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

39. Handy R. T. Christian America: Protestant Hopes and Historical Realities. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1971.

40. Hill K. R. The Soviet Union on the Brink: An Inside look at Christianity and Glasnost. Portland: Multnomah Press, 1991.

41. Hunter J. D. American Evangelicalism: Conservative Religion and the Quandary of Modernity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1983.

42. Hutchison W. R. Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

43. Jongeneel J. Philosophy, Science and Theology of Mission in the 19th and 20th Centuries. A Missiological Encyclopedia. Part I: The Philosophy and Science of Mission. 2nd ed. Frankfurt am M.: Peter Lang, 2002.

44. Littell F. H. Religious Liberty and Missions // Jornal of Church and State. 1965. № 7 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/

45. Miller M. L. American Philanthropy among Russians: The Work of the YMCA 1900—1940. Diss. Ph. D. University of Minessota, 2006.

46. Neill S. A History of Christian Missions. L.: Penguin Books, 1964.

47. Nutt R. G. Sherwood Eddy and the Attitudes of Protestants in the United States toward Global Mission // Church History. Cambridge University Press, American Society of Church History, 1997. September. Vol. 66. №. 3 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3169454

48. Nutt R. The Whole Gospel for the Whole World: Sherwood Eddy and the American Protestant Mission. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997.

49. Oborji F., Concepts of mission: the evolution of contemporary missiology, Maryknoll, Orbis, 2006.

50. O'Connor T. E. Diplomacy and Revolution. G.V. Chicherin and Soviet Foreign Affairs. 1918—1930. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1988.

51. Olema A. W. History of Evangelical Christianity in Russia. Texas, USA: Self-published by Albert W. Olema, 1983.

52. Payne E. A. Out of Graet Tribulation: Baptists in the U.S.S.R. L.: Baptist Union of Great Britain & Ireland, 1974.

53. Rosenberg E. S. Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890—1945. N. Y.: Hill and Wang, 1982.

54. Rowe M. Russian Resurrection: Strength in Suffering — A History of Russia’s Evangelical Church. L.: Marshall Pickering, 1994.

55. The missionary enterprise in China and America / ed. J. K. Fairbank: (Harvard Studies in American-East Asian Relations, 6.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974.

56. Thomson J. C. Jr., Stanley P. W., Perry J. C. Sentimental Imperialists: The American Experience in East Asia. N. Y.: Harper & Row, 1981.

57. Tiedemann R. G. Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. Armonk; N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2009.

58. Tulga C. E. The Foreign Missions Controversy in the Northern Baptist Convention, 1919—1949: 30 Years of Struggle. Chicago: Conservative Baptist Fellowship, 1950.

59. Varg P. A. Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890—1917 // Church History, Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History, 1954. March. Vol. 23. № 1 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3161183

60. Verkuyl J. Contemporary Missiology: An Introduction. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1978.

61. Vinz W. L. Pulpit politics: faces of American Protestant nationalism in the twentieth century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

62. Wardin A. W. Jr. Evangelical sectarianism in the Russian Empire and the USSR: a bibliographic guide. Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995.