The article analyzes bilateral relations and mutual cooperation between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Afghanistan was among those countries that initiated the Organization’s work in the second half of the XX century. Throughout history these relations saw ups and downs. At present, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation has intensified its efforts in Afghanistan. In 2011 the Organization opened its office in Kabul. The author of the article personally interviewed the Special Envoy of the OIC Secretary General for Afghanistan. According to the Envoy, the OIC is trying to keep up with international efforts to resolve the Afghan crisis. In July 2018 a landmark event took place. OIC organized an International Ulema Conference on Peace and Security in Afghanistan aimed at achieving prosperity in this war-torn country and facilitating national reconciliation process. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation welcomed the efforts of the Afghan President of calling upon the Taliban Movement to engage in direct and unconditional peace dialogue. As the Special Envoy in Kabul noted, the conference showed a willingness of the Islamic world to reach a regional and global consensus on the Afghan problem. In September 2018 the meeting to follow up on the implementation of the OIC resolutions on Afghanistan and the recommendations of the International Ulema Conference was held in Jeddah. In addition the OIC regularly expresses concern due to continuing violence and rising number in civilian casualties n Afghanistan. To summarize, it may be noted that the challenging situation in Afghanistan remains high on the Organization of Islamic Cooperation agenda.