False Choice Between Pro-Russian and Non-Nuclear Iran: Why Russia Needs Nuclear-Free Iran

 
PIIS086919080032393-9-1
DOI10.31696/S086919080032393-9
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Research Fellow at the Institute for International Studies, Lecturer at the Department of Asia and Africa Studies
Affiliation: MGIMO University
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: DSc (Political Science), Leading Research Fellow, Institute for International Studies, MGIMO University; Chief Research Fellow, Youth Policy Laboratory, Higher School of Economics
Affiliation:
MGIMO University
Higher School of Economics
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Occupation: PhD (History), Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory for Contemporary Iranian Studies, Associate Professor, Higher School of Economics
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Higher School of Economics
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 5
Pages70-82
Abstract

This study is intended as an attempt to prove the thesis: despite Iran’s pro-Russian foreign policy, it is in Russia’s interests to maintain Iran’s non-nuclear status. In the previous article, the authors examined to what extent modern Iran can be considered pro-Russian and whether their relationship qualifies for a strategic partnership. The second article describes five scenarios around Iran’s nuclear program: a new agreement, tougher sanctions, withdrawal from the NPT, a military conflict, and Iran acquiring nuclear weapons. Negotiations deprive Iran’s opponents of the incentive to use force, and Iran of developing a deterrent. Moderate sanctions strengthen Iran’s motivation to cooperate with Moscow, but excessive restrictions can trigger the remaining scenarios, fraught with unpredictable consequences. Iran’s withdrawal from the NPT would force Moscow to weigh conflicting incentives: to support the non-proliferation regime or to maintain friendly relations with Iran. Iranian nuclear weapons would not threaten Russia but increase the risks of their accidental use. A war in Iran would destabilize the situation in the South Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, and Central Asia, with consequences for the predominantly Muslim regions of Russia. The choice between a pro-Russian and a non-nuclear Iran is false: both a complementary foreign policy by Tehran and its lack of nuclear weapons are in Russia’s interests. Russia will find it more difficult to negotiate with a nuclear Iran, have to consider the risks of an accidental use within the range of Iranian missiles, as well as reassess the threat if and when the form of government changes in Tehran.

KeywordsRussia, Iran, foreign policy, strategic partnership, nuclear program, nonproliferation
Received16.10.2024
Publication date27.10.2024
Number of characters28430
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной
1 Настоящее исследование задумано как попытка доказать тезис: даже на фоне пророссийского внешнеполитического курса Ирана в интересах России сохранить его безъядерный статус.
2 В предыдущей статье [Маргоев и др., 2024] мы исследовали, насколько пророссийским можно считать современный Иран и готовы ли Москва и Тегеран к стратегическому партнёрству. Мы операционализировали российско-иранские отношения по 15 параметрам военного, политического и экономического сотрудничества, учли их историю и современный геополитический контекст. Во второй статье мы разбираемся в том, какие сценарии возможны вокруг иранской ядерной программы и как они могут отразиться на российских интересах.
3

СЦЕНАРИИ ВОКРУГ ИРАНСКОЙ ЯДЕРНОЙ ПРОГРАММЫ

4

У кризиса вокруг иранской ядерной программы существует пять сценариев: переговоры по новому соглашению, дальнейшее наращивание санкций, выход Тегерана из Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия (ДНЯО), военный конфликт и обретение Ираном ядерного оружия. Часть перечисленных сценариев может комбинироваться с другими: например, дальнейшее наращивание санкций – выход из ДНЯО – военный конфликт.

5

1. Переговоры

6

В 2015 г. пять постоянных членов Совета Безопасности ООН, Германия и Иран подписали Совместный всеобъемлющий план действий (СВПД) по иранской ядерной программе. Президент Трамп вышел из него в 2018 г. При Джо Байдене прошли девять раундов переговоров, чтобы восстановить соглашение, но осенью 2022 г. Великобритания, Германия, Франция и США решили не продолжать переговоры. Причиной назвали то, что правительство Ирана подавило общенациональные протесты, а в конфликте на Украине обнаружили следы беспилотников иранского происхождения.

7 После гибели президента Эбрахима Раиси в 2024 г. в Иране прошли досрочные выборы. В новом правительстве для экс-министра иностранных дел Мохаммада Джавада Зарифа, который вёл переговоры по СВПД, создали пост вице-президента по стратегическим вопросам, а его заместитель Аббас Аракчи возглавил МИД. По словам последнего, СВПД уже не подлежит восстановлению в прежней форме, но сделка не мертва – потребуются переговоры по новому соглашению.
8 Если на американских президентских выборах победит Камала Харрис, есть шанс на новые договорённости с участием Ирана и США. Подтверждением тому служат консультации по снижению напряжённости на Ближнем Востоке, которые Тегеран и Вашингтон продолжили вести через Оман даже после гибели Раиси. Если же в Белый дом вернётся Дональд Трамп, то отдельному соглашению по ядерной программе республиканская администрация предпочтёт политику максимального давления и комплексных требований к Ирану. Такие требования были сформулированы в Государственном департаменте в 2018 г., когда США вышли из ядерного соглашения [Secretary of State, 2018]. Вероятно, новая администрация Трампа выдвинет аналогичные условия, и администрация Пезешкиана не сможет вступить в переговоры на их основе.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 19

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Arbatov A.G. Iran’s Nuclear Knot. Contemporary Europe. 2007. No 1. Pp. 24–36 (in Russian).

2. Arbatov A.G. Creeping Crisis. Asia and Africa today. 2012. No. 8. Pp. 11–12 (in Russian).

3. Batsanov S.B., Khlopkov A.V., Chernavskikh V.D. Restoring the Effectiveness of the JCPOA: Principles and Approaches. A View from Russia. Russia in Global Affairs. 07.12.2020 (in Russian) https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/vosstanovlenie-svpd/ (accessed: 10.09.2023).

4. Buzhinskiy E.P. (Un)realistic Threats? DPRK’s and Iran’s Missile Programs. Russia Confidential. 2016. No. 3. Pp. 1–7 (in Russian).

5. Vinnikov A.A., Orlov. V.A. Between Bush and Bushehr. Russia in Global Affairs. 2005. No. 2. Pp. 128–142 (in Russian).

6. A Military Strike on Iran Would Be a Huge Mistake. Interfax. 14.02.2010 (in Russian).

7. Evseev V.V., Sazhin V.I. Iran, Uranium, and Missiles. Moscow: Institute of Israeli and Middle Eastern Studies. 2009 (in Russian).

8. Evstafiev G.M. Nuclear Weapons Have Outlived their Usefulness as a Political Instrument. Security Index. 2012. Vol. 18. No. 1. Pp. 31–36 (in Russian).

9. Ivanov I.S. Iranian Nuclear Program: Position of Russia. Asia and Africa today. 2012. No. 8. Pp. 15–16 (in Russian).

10. Iran will Not Refuse to Develop Nuclear Energy. Rossiiskaiia Gazeta [Russian Newspaper]. 15.07.2014 (in Russian).

11. Kislyak S.I. Iran: the Situation Has Become Clearer, but not All Issues Have Been Resolved. Yaderny Kontrol [Nuclear Control]. 2005. Vol. 11. No. 2. Pp. 9–15 (in Russian).

12. Kuchinov V.P. Speech at Breakout Session 3 "The JCPOA and Development of Cooperation with Iran in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy" of the Moscow Nonproliferation Conference–2017. Center for Energy and Security. 2017 (in Russian) http://ceness-russia.org/rus/conf2017/materials/2063/ (accessed: 10.09.2023).

13. Lata V.F., Khlopkov A.V. Iran: a nuclear missile mystery for Russia. Yaderny Kontrol [Nuclear Control]. 2003. Vol. 9. No. 2. Pp. 39–56 (in Russian).

14. Margoev A.R., Tokarev A.A., Ravandi-Fadai L.M. False Choice Between Pro-Russian and Non-Nuclear Iran: Is There a Strategic Partnership? Vostok (Oriens). 2024. No. 4. Pp. 89–101 (in Russian).

15. Naumkin V.V. New Moments in the Middle East Policy of the United States of America. Problems of National Strategy. 2022. No. 5. Pp. 14–25 (in Russian).

16. The Unpredictable Neighbour of Primorye Is Ready for a Nuclear War. Primamedia. 11.03.2016 (in Russian) https://primamedia.ru/news/494176/ (accessed: 13.09.2024).

17. A New Nuclear Nine? Assessing The Threats of Nuclear Proliferation in the World. Report. Ed. V.A. Orlov, S.D. Semenov. Edition 2nd (corrected and supplemented). Moscow: Ves’ Mir. 2023 (in Russian).

18. Orlov V.A. Patient in Coma? Russia in Global Affairs. 02.09.2003 (in Russian) https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/paczient-v-reanimaczii/ (accessed: 14.09.2024).

19. Orlov V.A. A Labirint with No Walls. Russia in Global Affairs. 2012. No. 1. Pp. 54–67 (in Russian).

20. Orlov V.A. Trushkin I.V. The Iranian Nuclear Program: Dilemmas Facing Russia. Russia Confidential. 2011. Vol. 1. No. 2. Pp. 1–5 (in Russian).

21. Pikaev A.A. The Iranian Nuclear Puzzle. International Affairs. 2008. No. 11. Pp. 67–82 (in Russian).

22. Putin V.V. Security in the World Can Only Be Ensured Together With Russia. Rossiiskaiia Gazeta [Russian Newspaper]. 26.02.2012 (in Russian) https://rg.ru/2012/02/27/putin-politika.html (accessed: 24.09.2024).

23. Ryabkov S.A. Further Sanctions Against Iran are Pointless. Security Index. 2012. Vol. 18. No. 1. Pp. 17–24 (in Russian).

24. Sazhin V.I. The Iranian Nuclear Program and the Threat of Regional Armed Conflict. Islam in the Near and Middle East. 2014. No. 8. Pp. 457–467 (in Russian).

25. Sazhin V.I. The Fate of the JCPOA “Hangs in the Balance” – the End of History? International Affairs. 24.01.2023 (in Russian) https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/38685 (accessed: 10.09.2023).

26. Transcript of the Meeting at the Center for Energy and Security Studies with the participation of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs on the topic: «Vienna Agreement on the Iran Nuclear Program: Russia’s role and prospects for implementation», Moscow, August 14, 2015. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. 20.08.2015 (in Russian) https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/1513299/ (accessed: 14.09.2024).

27. Triple Crisis in Greater Middle East. World Economy and International Relations. 2007. No. 4. Pp. 92–104 (in Russian).

28. At the Nuclear Threshold. The Lessons of North Korean and Iranian Crises for the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Ed. A.G. Arbatov. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Centre, ROSSPEN, 2007 (in Russian).

29. Evron Y. Chapter 3: An Israel-Iran Balance of Nuclear Deterrence: Seeds of Instability. Israel and a Nuclear Iran: Implications for Arms Control, Deterrence, and Defense. Ed. E. Kam. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies. 2008. Pp. 47–64.

30. Khoshayand H. The Necessity for Decisive, Deliberated and Appropriate Response of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Zionist Regime. Strategic Council for Foreign Relations. 12.08.2024 (in Persian) https://www.scfr.ir/fa/?p=300157 (accessed: 16.09.2024).

31. Liechtenstein S. Iran has Further Increased Its Stockpile of Uranium Enriched to Near Weapons-grade Levels, UN Says. AP News. 29.08.2024. https://apnews.com/article/iran-nuclear-iaea-enriched-uranium-stockpile-9c86e5788a8bb45eab1337d5f6c10121 (accessed: 14.09.2024).

32. Lynch C. The Iran Nuclear Talks’ Breakout Player. Foreign Policy. 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/26/russia-iran-nuclear-negotiator/ (accessed: 10.09.2023).

33. Saradzhyan S. Why Russia Values a Non-Nuclear Iran More Than Higher Oil Prices. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2016. https://thebulletin.org/2016/08/why-russia-values-a-non-nuclear-iran-more-than-higher-oil-prices/ (accessed: 10.09.2023).

34. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia. 22.05.2018. https://ru.usembassy.gov/secretary-of-state-mike-pompeo-after-the-deal-a-new-iran-strategy/ (accessed: 14.09.2024).

35. Waltz K.N. Why Iran Should Get the Bomb: Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability. Foreign Affairs. 2012. Vol. 91. No. 4. Pp. 2–5.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up