Slavery Relations in the Khanate of Khiva (based on archival documents)

The following article is based on archival documents from the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, funds of the National State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Khivan Ichon-Kala Museum-Reserve and State Archive of the Orenburg Region of the Russian Federation. The historical sources reflecting the issue of slavery relations in the Khivan Khanate are analyzed, and public attitude to slaves in the country is studied. The doc-uments mainly reflect such issues as slave trade and conditions under which the slaves were liber-ated. Khivan Khanate’s customs of giving slaves and maidservants out as gifts to other owners were analyzed on the basis of related documents. Based on this, the role of Islam in the social and spiritual life of the Khivan Khanate was also analyzed. One of the methods to get rid of slaves and maidservants in the Khivan Khanate was to provide them freedom in exchange for money, and this issue is reflected in some archival sources. Based on the study of the documents of the State Historical Archive of the Orenburg Region, the level of political relations between the Khanate and Russia was discussed, as well as the measures taken by the Russian government to free the slaves. Political and economic relations between the Khanate and Russia were also analyzed, based on the study of documents from the State Historical Archive of the Orenburg Region.

Ключевые слова

slavery, kadikhat, doghma, hadith, zakat, gift, chavdur, kadhuda, Russian prisoners, medals, governor, adjutant, mission, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Kazak

Получено

17.08.2023

Дата публикации

07.09.2023

Кол-во символов

35148

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ГОСТ	Таджиева Ф. Д. Slavery Relations in the Khanate of Khiva (based on archival documents) // Восток. Афро-Азиатские общества: история и современность – 2023. – Выпуск 4 C. 59-68 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://vostokoriens.jes.su/S086919080025934-4-1 (дата обращения: 11.05.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S086919080025934-4
MLA	Tadjiyeva, Feruza "Slavery Relations in the Khanate of Khiva (based on archival documents)." Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost 4 (2023):59-68. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080025934-4
APA	Tadjiyeva F. (2023). Slavery Relations in the Khanate of Khiva (based on archival documents). Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost (4), pp.59-68 DOI: 10.31857/S086919080025934-4

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1	The archival data and documents are vital to understand and research the nature of slavery relations in the Khivan Khanate. Therefore, the sources of the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Khiva Ichon-Kala Museum-Reserve, National State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and State Archive Fund of the Orenburg Region reflect the issues of slavery in the Khivan Khanate, including trade, gifting, bequeathing and liberation of slaves. Legal documents kept in the treasury of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan also contain valuable information on this issue.
2	One of the sources dedicated to the slave trade is a manuscript document No. 494 written by a Kadi (an Islamic judge). According to this text, in the month of Ramadan 1221 AH (November 1806), Salihbay, the son of Aralbay Kazak, sold a slave named Fatima to Avazbika, the daughter of Mulla Qutlughmurad, for fourteen Bukhara golden coins, according to the Sharia law¹. The document was confirmed with the judge’s seal “Kazi al-Kuzzot”² by Ismail Khoja ibn Ibrahim Khoja. The names of the witnesses who participated in the meeting – Muhammad Ghaffar Khoja, Muhammad Niyaz Khoja, and Abdusattar Khoja – are listed at the bottom of the document [IOSASRU. Inv. No. 494, p. 1–2].	1. Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. 2. The Judge of judges.
3	Document No. 559 also deals with the issue of the slave trade and was written in the month of Muharram 1264 AH (January 1848). The document mentions that Muhammad Karimboy, son of Tangriberdibay, sold 300 tanabs of his land located in the Kalbinbagh region to women named Lolabika, Kishbika, and Aymonbika for 40 Khorezm golden coins, bought a slave named Rajab for 10 coins and maids named Rana and Dastargul. The deal was concluded in accordance with the Sharia law. The document is certified with a round seal of the Kadi. The names of the witnesses – Alimbay, Mulla Ismail, Mulla Said, UstaAllanazar, and others who participated in the meeting – are also mentioned in the end [IOSASRU, Inv. No. 559, p. 1–2].
4	A custom of gifting slaves and concubines also existed in the Khanate. The master had the right to hand some of his slaves and maids over to his close people or relatives. Small officials gave such gifts to their superiors, disciples – to their pirs (mentors), and governors gave slaves to Khan.
5	In the treasury of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, documents regarding slave gifting can also be found. In particular, document No. 236 written in the month of Muharram 1276 AH (January 1859) states the following: “Babajan and Rahmanbergan, sons of Avazjan took the property belonging to Rahmonquli and Gulkhanimbika, the children of Allaquli, and Shukurbika, daughter of Mulla Abdurrahman, i.e. a total of three kumghans (copper water tank), a small tung (water tank) and a cow, three cast-iron pots and one doghma,³ and a two-room house located in the old fortress of Khiva (detailed information about the border areas of the house and bordering neighbors) and 95 Khorezm gold coins were distributed and bequeathed in accordance with the Sharia law”. The document was approved by a round seal of the Kadi and the names of the participants of the meeting – Damla Saidniaz, Damla Muhammadjan, and Muhammad Panahbay – were recorded [IOSASRU. Inv. No. 236, p. 1].	3. A hereditary slave.
6	The second document – the manuscript No. 500 states the following: “In the month of Rabi al-Sani 1279 AH (October 1862), abiding by the Sharia law, Lolabika, daughter of Muhammad Karim, in the presence of Abdullah Mahzum, son of Niyaz Muhammad Mahzum and Yusuf Kalantar, gave to Qilichniyaz’s daughter Oghiljanbika her rightful property – a slave girl named Gulbazar, (a lot of small items are listed), and 60 gold coins”. The document is certified with a round seal of the “Kadi al-Kuzzat” Abdurahim bin Kadi Muhammad Sharif Marhumi. At the end of the document, the names of the witnesses – Ishankhoja, Babajanbay, and others – are listed [IOSASRU. Inv. No. 500, p. 1].
7	One of the ways to get out of slavery in the Khivan Khanate was to obtain freedom in exchange for money. However, not every slave or maidservant was able to collect enough money to cover their costs, because it was extremely difficult to collect such a large sum of money. The needed amount could have been accumulated over 20-30 years on average. According to H. Vamberi, a slave or maidservant received the right to be freed after serving their master for seven years [Vamberi, 1868, p. 206]. Sometimes slaves and maidservants who had been serving well enough were given the right to be freed before the full term. The slaves of Khiva paid special attention to their emancipation efforts. They bought slaves and maids of their own captured from wealthy households, no matter the price, because at some moment in the future the relatives of these slaves and maids would find out that they may come and buy them for a large sum of money.

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