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Cultural and Literary Ties of Khorezm and the Volga Region in the 19th – Beginning of the 20th cс. (on the Example of the Manuscript Collections of the Southern Aral Sea Region)
 
PIIS086919080021160-3-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080021160-3
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Tatiana Anikeeva 
Occupation: Senior Research Fellow, Head of the Center of Islamic Manuscripts, Institute of Oriental Studies RAS; Associate Professor, School of Asian Studies, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, National Research University Higher School of Economics
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 4
Pages125-131
Abstract

The paper is dedicated to the collection of manuscripts, lithographs and early printed books of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities (Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan) that combines receipts from various sources (these are individual entries from individuals, and the receipts of whole collections associated with the name of a particular collector –for example the so-called “Chimbay collection”). The work on the description of the entire fund, its systematization and compilation of a general catalog of manuscripts was started by the staff of the Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Humanities, and subsequently the author of this paper. Many manuscripts and early printed books represent the area of reading of a Muslim of that epoch (19–first half of the 20th century) and are one of the illustrations of the close literary and cultural ties between the Aral Sea region and the Volga region. Among them are such works as “Fiqh” al-Kaydani, “Bakirgan kitabi” and many others that were printed or copied in the Volga region (Kazan) and came to the libraries of Karakum-ishans in Khorezm and used in the educational programs of mektebs and madrasahs. The print and manuscript copies of dastan epic texts (such as “Garip Aşik”, “Köroğlu”, local versions of the “Idige” epic cycle and many others) indicates that the oral tradition of performing dastans connected with the other Turkic folklore (including the Volga region), as well as their written existence, was preserved in Karakalpakstan the 20th century for quite a long time.

Keywordscollections of manuscripts, Turkiс folklore and literatures, arabographic manuscripts and early printed books, Chimbay, Karakalpakstan, book culture
Publication date06.09.2022
Number of characters20538
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1 The Fund of Oriental Manuscripts of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (Nukus, Karakalpakstan) has several hundred manuscripts, early printed books and lithographs in Arabic and Turkic and, to a lesser extent, Persian languages and combines receipts from various sources.
2 The work on the description of the entire fund, its systematization and compilation of a general catalog of manuscripts was started by the staff of the Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Humanities (Makset A. Karlybaev, Abdusalim R. Idrisov – they also conducted active field work on the search and identification of manuscripts), and subsequently the author of this paper (T.A. Anikeeva) joined them.
3 The sources of replenishment of the library of the Institute of Humanities (which also includes old printed books and lithographs) are different: these are individual entries from individuals, and the receipts of whole collections associated with the name of a particular collector (for example, A. Pirnazarov, U. Rakhmetullayev), as well as manuscripts and books received from the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography as a result of the reorganization and the merge of library funds.
4 In the course of work in the manuscript collection of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities (Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), a collection of manuscripts, lithographs and old-printed books was identified. It consists mainly of new arrivals (the so-called “Chimbay collection” at the place of origin of most of the manuscripts, from the city of Chimbay, formerly Shakhtemir now in the Republic of Karakalpakstan).
5 Among these new arrivals of the Oriental Manuscripts Fund of the Institute, the so-called “Chimbay Collection”, which received its name from the place of origin, is of particular interest. This collection is undoubtedly of great importance for the history of the Karakalpak culture and literature in general: it includes unique works such as “The History of the city of Chimbay” (under the authorship by M. Orazymbetov), poems by the poet of the Karakalpak classics Azhiniyaz (1824–1878), Berdakh (1827–1900) and many others.
6 Chimbay (karakalp. Shymbai) is a city in Karakalpakstan, located in the south-eastern Aral Sea region, on the Kegeyli River (the Kegeyli Canal). It is generally believed that the first information about the city of Chimbai dates back to the 18th century (in the early Middle Ages, the city named Kerder was supposedly located on the site of Chimbai) – it is mentioned in reports of military, Russian and Persian ambassadors, in the works of travelers [Abishov, 2019]. During this period of time, Chimbay was called Shakhtemir and, according to a number of researchers, was “the second main center of trade of northern Khorezm after Kungrad” [Abishov, 2019]; it became known by its modern name already in the first half of the 19th century (see also the map of Khorezm in the 18th–19th centuries [Bregel, 2003, p. 67, map 33]).
7 The collector of manuscripts and books of this collection is Uzak Rakhmatullayev, who was born in 1920 in the Kuyyin locality in the territory of the modern Chimbay district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan1. Uzak Rakhmatullayev's father, Rakhmatulla Seyilkhan-uly, studied at the Karakum-ishan madrasa (Kutly-khoja ishan) in his youth. It is known that the library of this madrasa was very rich, and it was considered one of the largest manuscript and book collections in the region [Karlibayev, 2020, p.112]. The fate of the library, according to the data received from informants, was most likely tragic: many books and manuscripts were burned [Karlibayev, 2020, p. 112], but some of them, judging by the handwritten marks of U. Rakhmatullayev on some bindings, still survived and have been saved. 1. His biography see at: [Anikeeva, Idrisov, 2021].
8 The largest collection of books and manuscripts, judging by the field data of Makset Karlibayev, was owned by the Karakum Ishans (in the period of the late 19th – early 20th century). In the spiritual life of the peoples of Central Asia, including the Kazakhs of the Turkestan region, ishans played an important role as guides of the Muslim religion, enlightenment, local traditions of healing, folk psychology and pedagogy). There are different opinions about the fate of this library. According to some, the collection of books and manuscripts stored in the State Museum of History and Culture of the Republic of Karakalpakstan is part of that library, but there is no confirmed data
9 Among these manuscripts (along with the works mentioned above) are works on Muslim dogmatics, Korans (and fragments of Korans), poetic works (verses by Suleiman Bakyrgani, various destans), treatises on the grammar of the Arabic language (“al-‘Awāmil”), stories, examples of calligraphy on separate sheets, etc. – in Arabic and Turkic languages ​​(Chagatai, Tatar, Karakalpak). In most cases, these manuscripts are incomplete, fragmentary, missing start and end pages. Most of the works date back to the 19th – early 20th century. The collected materials characterize the social system, ethno-cultural processes. The private and public collections that we studied can be divided into the following groups:

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