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Numismatics of Safavid Iran (Brief Review)
 
PIIS086919080013486-1-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080013486-1
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Alexander V. Akopyan 
Occupation: Junior scientific researcher
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Sciences of RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 1
Pages230-249
Abstract

Based on Russian and foreign studies, the review highlights the current state of the study of Safavid numismatic sources and the development of Safavid descriptive numismatics (descriptions of coinage, monetary systems and money circulation), which is necessary for a correct interpretation of the economic and political history of Iran. A brief historiographical introduction provides an overview of the most important publications of numismatic sources (catalogs of collections and numismatic e‑databases), as well as a brief description of main published surveys. The first part of the work, on the basis of modern ideas about the fundamental concepts, governing the implementation of coinage in Safavid Iran, describes the rights of sikka (jus monetæ) and haqq al-zarb (jus monetæ cudendæ), as well as the currency zones generated by them, viz. the nationwide zone of Shah’s coins and local zones of regional anonymous issues. The monetary system of Safavids is described and its elements are established. The sphere of circulation of coins from various metals is analyzed, the names of coin denominations are established and etymologized. Brief information on the structure of Safavid mints, the dynamics of their number and geographical zoning is provided. The second part describes the most important transformations and characteristic features of monetary affairs in the reign of each Safavid Shah basing on the analysis of numismatic data and narratios. The dynamics of the process of consolidation of monetary zones and changes of monetary standards, as well as the time of the appearance of innovations in coin inscriptions and monetary design are traced.

Keywordscoinage, history of Iran, metrology, monetary zones, monetary right, numismatics, Safavids, source study.
AcknowledgmentFunding: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-19-50177
Received18.01.2021
Publication date25.02.2021
Number of characters53862
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Table of contents

I. ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОНЕТНОГО ДЕЛА В СЕФЕВИДСКУЮ ЭПОХУ4
IURA MONETÆ
МОНЕТНЫЕ ДВОРЫ
МОНЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА
МОНЕТНЫЕ НОМИНАЛЫ
МОНЕТНЫЕ ЗОНЫ
СФЕРЫ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ МОНЕТ ИЗ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ
II. ИСТОРИЯ СЕФЕВИДСКОЙ НУМИЗМАТИКИ
ИСМАʿИЛ I (907–930/1501–1524)
ТАХМАСП I (930–984/1524–1576)
ИСМАʿИЛ II (984–985/1576–1577)
МУХАММАД ХУДАБЕНДЕ (985–995/1577–1587)
ʿАББАС I (995–1038/1587–1629)
СЕФИ I (1038–1052/1629–1642)
ʿАББАС II (1052–1077/1642–1666)
СЕФИ II (1077–1079/1666–1668) /
ХУСЕЙН I (1105–1135/1694–1722)
ТАХМАСП II (1135–1145/1722–1132)
1 Монеты и монетные клады являются одним из наиболее важных типов источников, используемых для реконструкции экономической, политической и нумизматической истории сефевидского Ирана (XVI–XVIII вв.). Поскольку исторические хроники этого периода редко содержат нумизматические сведения (за исключением позднесефевидских трактатов «Тазкират ал-мулук» [Tadhkirat al-Mulūk, 1943; Раджабли, 2014, с. 189–205], «Дастурламали» [Памятники грузинского права…, 1970] и двух руководств [Faghfoory, Floor, 2007; Mirza Naqi Nasiri, 2008]), изучение сефевидской нумизматики в первую очередь базируется на самих монетах.
2 Репрезентативность корпуса нумизматических источников на сегодняшний день достигается благодаря публикациям сефевидских монет из собраний Британского музея [Poole, 1887], Эрмитажа [Марков, 1896], Тебризского музея [Торāбӣ-Ṭабāт̣абāʾӣ, 1352/1972‒73, Торāбӣ-Ṭабāт̣абāʾӣ, 1386/2007‒08], Национального музея Грузии [Кутелия, 1979; Кутелия, 1990], Музея Эшмола [Album, 2001], Университета Тюбингена [Ramadan, 2012], ГИМ Азербайджана [Раджабли, 2014], из частных собраний [Rabino di Borgomale, 1951; Farahbakhsh, 1975; Alaedini, 2013], а также пополняющимся онлайн-базам данных1 и богатой сводке опубликованных кладов (в т. ч. сефевидского времени) с территории Закавказья [Пахомов, 1926; Пахомов, 1938; Пахомов, 1925; Пахомов, 1940; Пахомов, 1949а; Пахомов, 1949б; Пахомов, 1954; Пахомов, 1957; Пахомов, 1959; Пахомов, 1966]. 1. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта №19-19-50177 (Funding: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-19-50177).
3 Наиболее ранними дескриптивными работами по нумизматике Сефевидов являются фундаментальные монографии Р. С. Пуля [Poole, 1887] и Г. Л. Рабино ди Боргомале [Rabino di Borgomale, 1951], сохраняющие актуальность до сих пор. Положения, выдвинутые в более поздних исследованиях А. М. Раджабли [Раджабли, 1963а; Раджабли, 1963б] и каталожном обзоре Х. Фарахбахша [Farahbakhsh, 1975], практически утратили свое значение после выхода в свет работ С. Албума (см. ниже), однако исследования нумизматики сефевидских велайатов (Грузии, выполненной Т. С. Кутелия [Кутелия, 1979] и Хузестана, за авторством Р. Мэтти [Matthee, 2003]) сохранили свою важность. Крупнейшим же достижением в области типологии, метрологического и текстологического изучения сефевидской нумизматики стали работы С. Албума, начатые в виде потиповой росписи монет XVII–XVIII вв.2, а в 1993 г. обобщенные в Checklist (последнее, 3е издание ― [Album, 2011, p. 274–283]). Эта классификация общепризнана для сефевидских монет (за исключением типологизации медных монет, пересмотренной А. В. Акопяном [Акопян, 2017; Акопян, 2019а, с. 60–87]). В недавно опубликованной капитальной монографии «The Monetary History of Iran. From Safavids to Qajars» [Matthee, Floor, Clawson, 2013] подытожены предыдущие исследования, а также выдвинуты новые теории ― напр., о «триметаллической системе», что в авторской трактовке верно лишь для периода консолидации всех монетных прав в руках шаха [Акопян, 2019а, с. 86–87]. Несколько запаздывают русскоязычные исследования: в частности, в монографии А. М. Раджабли [Раджабли, 2014], несмотря на недавний год издания, не нашли отражения работы, изданные после 1979 г. 2. Погодовые списки монет приведены в: [von Zambaur, 1968; Bruce, Michael, Miller, 2008, p. 1023–1035; Cuhaj, Michael, Miller, 2010, p. 888–918; Diler, 2009] (последняя работа не свободна от ряда неточностей).

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