All
 
|
 
 


Disciplina Etrusca and the Development of the Roman Orthogonal Land Surveying
 
PIIS032103910020459-7-1
DOI10.31857/S032103910020459-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Maria Kirillova 
Affiliation:
Institute of World History, RAS
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameVestnik drevnei istorii
EditionVolume 83 Issue 1
Pages94-113
Abstract

According to Roman surveyors, history of the most common system of Roman orthogonal surveying – limitatio – goes back to the disciplina etrusca, a complex of Etruscan rituals. There is no consensus among specialists regarding the degree of Etruscan influence on Roman surveying, since the Etruscan achievements in orthogonal surveying are scarcely known and the orthogonal plans of the Greek colonies in Southern Italy are much more famous. The archaeological evidence, in particular, the research of the Etruscan colony in Marzabotto, shows that there are traces of orthogonal surveying on the territory of the Etruscan cities. The organization of these settlements is close to the Greek cities with orthogonal surveying; however, there are also some features, which can be explained by the influence of disciplina etrusca. Some of them (the apparent orientation of the main roads of the settlement to the cardinal points, the presence of special signs at the roads’ intersection) were also important for the imperial surveyors, even though they recognized a need to take into account features of landscape and other practical considerations. The earliest traces of Roman land surveys, close to limitatio, date back to the 3rd century B.C. It can be explained by a closer knowledge of the disciplina etrusca, which became possible after the conquest of the main Etruscan religious centers.

KeywordsRoman land surveying, limitatio, the Etruscans, disciplina etrusca, Marzabotto
Received01.06.2022
Publication date29.03.2023
Number of characters46436
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 312

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Albrecht, M. von 2003: Istoriya rimskoy literatury [History of Roman Literature]. Т. I. М.
2. Альбрехт, М. фон. История римской литературы. Т. I. М.
3. Behrends, O. 1992: Bodenhoheit und privates Bodeneigentum im Grenzwesen Roms. In: Capogrossi Colognesi L., Behrends O. (Hrsg.) Die römische Feldmesskunst: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Zivilisationsgeschichte Roms. (Datenhandbuch Zur Deutschen Bildungsgeschichte, Band 193) Göttingen, 192-284.
4. Bizzarri, C. 2018: Etruscan Towan Planning and Related Structures. In: Turfa J.M. (ed.), The Etruscan World. London-New York, 708-720.
5. Bloch, R. 1970: Urbanisme et religion chez les Étrusques. Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations 4, 1114-1120.
6. Broise, H., Jolivet, V. 1997: Une colonie étrusque en territoire tarquinien. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 141(4), 1327-1350.
7. Buĭskikh, A.V. 2021: [City Plan of Olbia Pontica]. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of Ancient History] 3, 673-698.
8. Буйских, А.В. Градостроительный план Ольвии Понтийской. ВДИ 3, 673-698.
9. Campbell, B. 1996: Shaping the Rural Environment: Surveyors in Ancient Rome. Journal of Roman Studies 86, 74-99.
10. Campbell, B. 2000: The Writings of the Roman Land Surveyors. London.
11. Carlà, F. 2015: Pomerium, fines and ager Romanus. Understanding Rome’s “First Boundary”. Latomus 74(3), 599-630.
12. Castagnoli, F. 1971: Orthogonal Town Planning in Antiquity. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
13. Chouquer, G., Clavel-Levêque, M., Favory, F. 1982: Cadastres, occupation du sol et paysages agraires antiques. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 5/6, 847-882.
14. Clavel-Levêque, M., Favory, F. 1992: Les gromatici veteres et les réalités paysagéres : prèsentation de quelques cas. In: Capogrossi Colognesi L., Behrends O. (Hrsg.) Die römische Feldmesskunst: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Zivilisationsgeschichte Roms. (Datenhandbuch Zur Deutschen Bildungsgeschichte, Band 193) Göttingen, 88-139.
15. De Sanctis, G. 2007 : Solco, muro, pomerio. Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité 119(2) , 503-526.
16. De Vaan, M. 2008: Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Leiden - Boston. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 7.)
17. Dilke O. A. W. 1971: The Roman Land Surveyors: An Introduction to the Agrimensores. Newton Abbot.
18. Govi E., Malnati L., Sassatelli G., Malgieri A. 2007: Marzabotto: una città etrusca. Bologna. (Percorsi di archeologia 5)
19. Grenier A. 1948 : Les religions étrusque et romaine. In: Les religions de l'Europe ancienne. Vol. III. Paris. 2-233.
20. Gros, P., Torelli, M. 2007: Storia dell'urbanistica. Il mondo romano. Roma-Bari.
21. Gottarelli A. 2013: Contemplatio. Templum solare e culti di fondazione. 1998 – 2013. Sulla regola aritmogeometrica del rito di fondazione della città etrusco-italica tra VI e IV secolo a.C. Bologna.
22. Guillamin, J.-Y. 2005: Les arpenteurs romains. T. 1. Hygin le Gromatique. Frontin. Paris.
23. Guillamin, J.-Y. 2010: Les arpenteurs romains. T. 2. Hygin. Siculus Flaccus. Paris.
24. Guillamin, J.-Y. 2010: Les arpenteurs romains. T. 3. Commentaire anonyme sur Frontin. Paris.
25. Gvozdeva, I.A. 1978: Traktaty Sikula Flakka kak istochnik po agrarnym otnosheniyam v Drevnem Rime. In: Problemy istorii antichnosti i srednikh vekov [Problems of the History of Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Moscow, 32-47.
26. Гвоздева, И.А. Трактаты Сикула Флакка как источник по аграрным отношениям в Древнем Риме. В сб.: Проблемы истории античности и средних веков. М., 32–47.
27. Gvozdeva, I.A. 1986: Rannie tipy deleniya zemel'nykh ploshchadey pri organizatsii sel'skoy territorii u rimlyan. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 8. Istoriya [Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 8. History] 2, 80–91.
28. Гвоздева, И.А. Ранние типы деления земельных площадей при организации сельской территории у римлян. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 8. История 2, 80–91.
29. Gvozdeva, I.A. 1999 : Finis i rigor v agrarnom prave drevnego Rima. In : Gvozdeva I.A., Nemirovskiy A.A. Drevniy Vostok i antichnyy mir. Trudy kafedry istorii drevnego mira Istoricheskogo fakul'teta MGU. Vyp. 2. [Ancient East and the ancient world. Proceedings of the Department of the History of the Ancient World, Faculty of History, Moscow State University. Issue 2.]  Moscow, 72-79.
30. Гвоздева, И.А. Finis и rigor в аграрном праве древнего Рима. В кн.: Гвоздева И.А., Немировский А.А. (ред.), Древний Восток и античный мир. Труды кафедры истории древнего мира Исторического факультета МГУ. Вып. 2. М., 72-79.
31. Gvozdeva, I.A., Gvozdeva, T.B. 2015: Strigatio-scamnatio – etap razvitiya rimskogo zemel'nogo prava [Strigatio-scamnatio - stage of development of the Roman landed law]. Sovremennyy yurist [The Modern Lawyer] 4(13), 8-18.
32. Гвоздева, И.А., Гвоздева, Т.Б. Strigatio-scamnatio – этап развития римского земельного права. Современный юрист 4(13), 8-18.
33. Herbig, R. 1957: Zur Religion und Religiosität der Etrusker. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 6(1), 123-132.
34. Heurgon, J. 1959: The Date of Vegoia's Prophecy. Journal of Roman Studies 49(1/2), 41-45.
35. Hinrichs, F.T. 1974: Die Geschichte der gromatischen Institutionen. Wiesbaden.
36. Horster, M. 2007: Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel. In: Rüpke J. (ed.), A Companion to Roman Religion. Oxford, 331-341.
37. Hübner, W. 1992: Himmel und Erdvermessung. In: Capogrossi Colognesi L., Behrends, O. (Hrsg.) Die römische Feldmesskunst: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Zivilisationsgeschichte Roms. (Datenhandbuch Zur Deutschen Bildungsgeschichte, Band 193) Göttingen, 141-171.
38. Izzet, V. 2008: The Archaeology of Etruscan Society. Cambridge-New York.
39. Kirillova, M.N. 2021: [Origins of limitatio in the Works of Roman Land Surveyors]. Indoevropeyskoe yazykoznanie i klassicheskaya filologiya [Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology] XXV (1), 599-606.
40. Кириллова, М. Н. Происхождение лимитации в сочинениях римских землемеров. Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология XXV (1), 599-606.
41. Lewis, M. J.T. 2004: Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge.
42. Magdelain, A. 1990:  L’auguraculum de l’arx à Rome et dans d'autres villes. In: Ius imperium auctoritas. Études de droit romain. Rome, 193-207. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 133-1)
43. Maltby, R. 1991: A Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies. Leeds.
44. Mansuelli, G. 1960 : La cité étrusque de Marzabotto et les problèmes de l'Étrurie padane. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 104, 65-84.
45. Mansuelli, G. 1979: Marzabotto, eine etruskische Kolonie in Norditalien. Antike Welt 10(1), 36-44.
46. Martin, R. 1956: L'urbanisme dans la Grèce antique. Paris.
47. Mazzarino S. 1957: Sociologia del mondo etrusco e problemi della tarda etruscita. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 6(1), 98-122.
48. Mignone L.M. 2016: The Augural Contest at Rome. Classical Philology 111(4), 391-405.
49. Norden, E. 1995: Aus Altromischen Priestbuchern. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart-Leipzig.
50. Ogilvie, R.M. 1976: Early Rome and the Etruscans. London.
51. Osanna, M., Magli, G., Ferro, L. 2019: Gromatics illustrations from newly discovered pavements in Pompeii. arXiv: History and Philosophy of Physics  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13145 
52. Pelgrom, J. 2008: Settlement Organization and Land Distribution in Latin Colonies before the Second Punic War. In: de Ligt L., Northwood S. (eds.), People, Land and Politics. Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Ledein. 333-372. (Mnemosyne, Supplements, History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, vol. 303)
53. Peyras, J. 2013: Documents d'arpentage de l'Antiquité tardive. Textes établis, traduits et annotés. Besançon. (Collection «ISTA», 1257)
54. Peyras, J. 2003: Colonies et écrits d'arpentage du Haut-Empire. In: Garrido-Hory M., Gonzales A. (eds.), Histoire, espaces et marges de l'Antiquité: hommages à Monique Clavel-Lévêque. Vol. II. Besançon, 103-156.
55. Peyras, J. 2012: Religion étrusque et droit romain d’après le bureau central des géomètres de la dynastie valentinothéodosienne. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 38(1), 163-176.
56. Podossinov, A.V.: Ex oriente lux. Orientatsiya po stranam sveta v arkhaicheskikh kul'turakh Evrazii [Orientation to the cardinal points in the archaic cultures of Eurasia] Moscow
57. Подосинов, А.В. Ex oriente lux. Ориентация по странам света в архаических культурах Евразии. М.
58. Ratti, S. 1996: Le substrat augusteen dans la Constitutio limitum d’Hygin le Gromatique et la datation du traite. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 22, 220–238.
59. Riva, C. 2016: Urbanization and Foundation Rites: The Material Culture of Rituals at the Heart and the Margins of Etruscan Early Cities. In: Bell S., Carpino A. (Eds.), A Companion to the Etruscans. Malden-Oxford, 87-104.
60. Rossi C., Russo, Fl., Russo, Fer. 2009: Ancient Engineers’ Inventions. Precursors of the Present. Cham.
61. Salmon, E.T. 1970: Roman Colonization under the Republic. Ithaca.
62. Sassatelli, G., Govi, E. 2010: Cults and foundation rites in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto. In: van der Meer, L. (ed), Material Aspects of Etruscan Religion: Proceedings of the International Colloquium Leiden, May 29 and 30, 2008. Leuven-Paris-Walpole, 17-27.
63. Sassatelli G., Govi, E. 2018: Etruria on the Po and the Adriatic Sea. In: Turfa J.M. (ed.), The Etruscan World. London-New York, 281-300.
64. Sidorovich, O. V. 2019: [Sacerdotal Tradition in Ancient Rome. Cult, Ritual, History]. Мoscow.
65. Сидорович, О.В. Жреческая традиция в Древнем Риме. Культ, ритуал история. 2-е изд. М.
66. Schulten, A. 1912: Groma. In: RE. Bd. 7. Hlbd. 14., 1881-1886.
67. Scullard, H.H. 1967: The Etruscan Cities and Rome. London-Southampton.
68. Sisani, S. 2015: L'ager publicus in età Graccana (133–111 A.C.). Une rilettura testuale, storica e giuridica della lex agraria epigrafica. Roma.
69. Steingräber, S. 2001: The Process of Urbanization of Etruscan Settlements from the Late Villanovan to the Late Archaic Period (End of the Eighth to the Beginning of the Fifth Century B.C.): Presentation of a Project and Preliminary Results. Etruscan Studies 8, 7-33.
70. Tarasco, G. 2005: Un cippo gromatico da Oratino (CB). Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité 117 (2), 687-697.
71. Thulin, C. 1906: Die Etruskische Disciplin. Göteborg.
72. Torelli, M. 1995: Studies in the Romanization of Italy. Vancouver.
73. Turcan, R. 1976: Encore la prophétie de Végoia. In: L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine. I. Mélanges offerts à Jacques Heurgon. Rome, 1009-1019. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 27).
74. Turfa, J. M. 2018: The Etruscans. In: Farney G.D., Branley G. P. (eds.), The Peoples of Ancient Italy. Boston-Berlin, 637-672.
75. Van der Meer, L.B. 2011: Etrusco ritu: Case Studies in Etruscan Ritual Behavior. Louvain-Walpole.
76. Weinstock, S. 1946: Martianus Capella and the Cosmic System of the Etruscans. Journal of Roman Studies 36 (1/2), 101-129.

(Рис_2.png, 121 Kb) [Download]

(Рис_1_Peyras_2013_46.png, 108 Kb) [Download]

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up