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Confessional contact zones of the Russian empire by counties and districts according to the results of the 1897 census
 
PIIS221979310029977-7-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310029977-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Vitaliy Dementiev 
Occupation: lecturer, Institute of secondary professional education
Affiliation: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Address: Russian Federation, St.-Petersburg
Roman Krotok
Occupation: Junior Research Fellow, PhD student, Department of Geography
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionVolume 20. No1/2024
Pages91-106
Abstract

The first general population census of 1897 is the main source of information about the structure of the population of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, including the religious composition of the population. At the same time, statistics based on the results of the census make it possible to carry out a cartographic analysis of the religious structure of the population not only at the level of provinces and regions, but at the lower administrative level (counties anddistricts). The purpose of the study is to assess the heterogeneity of the religious structure of the population of the Russian Empire at the level of counties and districts based on the results of the population census of 1897. For this purpose, a cartographic research method was used. The religious mosaic index was used as an indicator that allows dividing mono-confessional and multi-confessional territories and identifying contact zones between the areas of distribution of the main religions of the state (Christianity, Islam and Buddhism). Regions with a mixed religious composition of the population without a strong predominance of any one religion (confessional contact zones) were observed mainly in the border territories of the Russian Empire, especially in its western and southern parts. The center and north of the European part of the country, where the Orthodox population dominated, represented a mono-confessional (Orthodox) “core”.

Keywordsreligions, confessional composition, religious mosaic index, contact zone, mono-confessionality, multi-confessionality
AcknowledgmentThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within project No. 23-17-00005 “Ethnic contact zones in the post-Soviet space: genesis, typology, conflict potential”.
Received13.02.2024
Publication date28.03.2024
Number of characters18253
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1 Введение. Результаты Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г. достаточно часто вовлекаются в научный оборот в качестве основного источника по изучению разных составляющих структуры населения государства на рубеже XIX–XX вв. В частности, это касается и вопроса анализа конфессиональной структуры населения. Однако перепись 1897 г. проводилась не на всей территории Российской империи. Переписью не были охвачены Великое княжество Финляндское и Бухарский эмират. В первом случае это была территория компактного проживания протестантского (лютеранского) населения, во втором — мусульманского. Тем не менее, данная перепись населения оказалась единственной, когда проводился единовременный учёт религиозного состава населения как на уровне губерний и областей, так и на уровне уездов, что предоставляет возможность картографического анализа на уровне низовых единиц административно-территориального деления того времени.
2 Цель исследования — оценить с помощью картографического метода неоднородность конфессиональной структуры населения Российской империи на уровне уездов и округов по итогам переписи населения 1897 г.
3 Степень изученности вопроса. В настоящее время достаточно много исследований проводится по изучению конфессионального пространства, но большинство работ такой направленности посвящено не России, а другим странам. Так, много внимания уделяется изучению конфессионального пространства стран Африки [11–13; 36], встречаются работы по исторической географии религий и современной конфессиональной географии таких стран, как Индия [35], Швеция [34], Финляндия [33], Республика Беларусь [24] и др. Кроме того, на уровне мирового конфессионального пространства рассматриваются такие вопросы, как религиозные циклы [6; 8], что требует наличия религиозной статистики за значительный временной интервал.
4 Работы, где рассматривается конфессиональное пространство России, чаще всего имеют историко-географический характер, и опираются на итоги переписей и учётов населения, проведённых в дореволюционный период [14; 22]. Хотя нужно отметить, что при этом предпринимаются попытки сравнения конфессионального пространства России в настоящее и дореволюционное время [20; 28; 29]. Такие исследования проводятся и на уровне отдельных регионов [1; 30; 31; 38].
5 Таким образом, большинство исследователей, изучающих современную конфессиональную географию России, по причине отсутствия вопроса о религиозной принадлежности населения в переписных листах в советское и постсоветское время, вынуждены обращаться к дореволюционной конфессиональной статистике, в первую очередь, полученной благодаря Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г.
6 Достаточно много исследований, опирающихся на статистику по итогам данной переписи, проведено на уровне отдельных регионов России и стран постсоветского пространства. Это, например, работы, посвящённые формированию конфессионального пространства Крыма [2], Астраханской губернии [25], Саратовского Поволжья [26], Псковской губернии [9; 10] и других, несколько более обширных территорий [18; 19]. Также конфессиональной статистикой по итогам переписи населения 1897 г. оперируют исследователи, изучающие вопросы конфессиональной политики в Российской империи [3; 23; 27; 37].

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