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Development of zones of contact with the indigenous people of the Ural-Volga region during the 19th century
 
PIIS221979310027007-0-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310027007-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Natalya Terenina 
Occupation: Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Geography
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Bogdan Vladykin
Occupation: Master of the direction “Geographic education”
Affiliation: Pushkin Leningrad State University
Address: Russian Federation, Sankt-Petersburg
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionVolume 19. No3/2023
Pages90-107
Abstract

In this article, the authors propose testing new methods developed within the framework of the concept of ethnocontact zones, which can complement the traditional approach in regional historical and ethnodemographic studies. The aim of the work is to identify spatial patterns and features of the dynamics of the share in the population of the counties of the provinces of the Ural-Volga region of five peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordovians and Maris) during the 19th century, considered through the prism of the concept of ethnocontact zones. The main research methods are statistical and cartographic. The novelty of the study is related to the use of the development model of two-component ethno-contact zones to describe shifts in the settlement of designated peoples. First half of the 19th century for most of the peoples considered, it is characterized, on the one hand, by the beginning of the dissolution of ethno-contact zones in the territories of the ethnic cores of peoples, on the other hand, by the creation of new ethno-contact zones by them in places of their settlement outside the main ethnic area. Second half of the 19th century in most cases, it is characterized by a positive dynamics in the share of peoples in their ethnic cores and a transition to the dissolution of ethno-contact zones on the outskirts of their ethnic areas. During this period, the Bashkirs were distinguished by a more stable ethnic area, the specifics of the development of ethnocontact zones within which was determined by the external migration influx and ethnic redistribution of the population.

Keywordshistorical ethnodemography, ethnic geography, ethnocontact zones, stages of development, indigenization
AcknowledgmentThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within project No. 23-17-00005 “Ethnic contact zones in the post-Soviet space: genesis, typology, conflict potential”.
Received06.08.2023
Publication date25.09.2023
Number of characters23419
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1 Введение. Изучение народов опирается на самые разнообразные методы исследования, которые являются ключевыми для разных научных направлений. Географическая наука традиционно опирается на картографический метод исследования, который, например, крайне редко используется в исторической этнодемографии. Вместе с тем, география может предложить и другие подходы к изучению явлений, которые являются традиционным предметом исследований смежных наук. Свой вклад в разнообразие методов при изучении народов уже внесла этническая география. Несколько концепций, где в качестве объекта исследования выступает этническое пространство, разработано в отечественной культурной географии. В данной статье авторами предложена апробация новых методик, разрабатываемых в рамках концепции этноконтактных зон, которые могут дополнить традиционный подход в региональных историко-этнодемографических исследованиях.
2 Целью исследования является выявление пространственных закономерностей и особенностей динамики удельного веса в населении уездов пяти коренных народов Урало-Поволжья в течение XIX в., рассмотренных сквозь призму концепции этноконтактных зон.
3

В качестве информационной базы исследования выступает статистика по удельному весу в населении уездов губерний Урало-Поволжья пяти народов (башкиры, марийцы, мордва, татары и чуваши) по итогам пятой (1795 г.), восьмой (1833 г.) и десятой (1857–1858 гг.) ревизий населения в России, представленная в работе В. М. Кабузана «Народы России в первой половине XIX в.: Численность и этнический состав» [9]. Из обзора основных народов Урало-Поволжья выпали удмурты, по которым в книге В. М. Кабузана не дана статистка на уездном уровне. Также в исследовании используется статистика по распределению населения по родному языку на уровне уездов губерний Европейской России по итогам Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г., размещённая на сайте Demoskop Weekly1.

 1. Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам 50 губерний Европейской России. [Электронный ресурс]: URL: >>>> (дата обращения: 24.06.2023).
4

Исходные предпосылки. Из-за ограниченности статистики по численности народов Урало-Поволжья за XIX в. данному этапу этнической динамики на территории региона посвящено ограниченное количество исследований. В первую очередь, это работа В. М. Кабузана, где даётся и анализируется удельный вес в населении уездов губерний Урало-Поволжья пяти народов (мордва, марийцы, татары, башкиры и чуваши) по итогам ревизий населения, начиная с пятой (1795 г.) по десятую (1857–1858 гг.), а также сравниваются итоги ревизий с результатами Первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. [9, с. 173–200].
5

Имеются также немногочисленные работы, оперирующие этнической статистикой по итогам ревизий населения XIX в. Это, например, работа В. И. Петрова [15], где представлена сравнительная характеристика национального состава населения среднего Поволжья и южного Урала второй половины XIX в. Можно отметить статью Р. Р. Ибрагимова [5], которая посвящена изучению формирования татарской диаспоры на территории России в XIX — начале XX вв. В. П. Иванов [6; 7] оперирует статистикой по итогам ревизий населения в XIX в. при изучении динамики численности и расселения чувашей в России.

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The share of Bashkirs in the population of the districts of the provinces of the Ural-Volga region according to the results of the 1897 census and the development of ethno-contact zones with the parti (Рисунок_3.png, 763 Kb) [Download]

The share of Chuvash in the population of the districts of the provinces of the Ural-Volga region according to the results of the 1897 census and the development of ethno-contact zones with the partic (Рисунок_4.png, 752 Kb) [Download]

The share of Mordovians in the population of the districts of the provinces of the Ural-Volga region according to the results of the 1897 census and the development of ethno-contact zones with the par (Рисунок_5.png, 752 Kb) [Download]

The share of the Mari in the population of the counties of the provinces of the Ural-Volga region according to the results of the 1897 census and the development of ethno-contact zones with the partic (Рисунок_6.png, 673 Kb) [Download]

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