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Spatial aspects of gender inequality of the european union countries (on the example of the Republic of Finland)
 
Код статьиS221979310014328-3-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310014328-3
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Дмитриева Анастасия Анатольевна 
Должность: Associate Professor
Аффилиация: Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University
Адрес: Russian Federation, St.Petersburg
Дегусарова Валентина Сергеевна
Должность: Associate Professor
Аффилиация: Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University
Адрес: Russian Federation, St.Petersburg
Трищ Надежда
Должность: master student
Аффилиация: Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University
Адрес: Russian Federation, St.Petersburg
Васильева Ольга Евгеньевна
Должность: Associate Professor
Аффилиация: Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University
Адрес: Russian Federation, St.Petersburg
Название журналаПсковский регионологический журнал
ВыпускВыпуск 2 (46)
Страницы46-57
Аннотация

The article examines the problems of maintaining gender inequality in the EU countries, which, despite the successful experience of individual countries, is decreasing too slowly. Modern democracies recognize the equality of men and women as basic social values, but today the gender equality policy is most successful in the Nordic countries, in particular in Finland. To confirm this, the key historical stages of changes in the legal status and position of women in the EU countries are considered, a review of the main legislative documents regulating the rights of men and women is carried out, and a spatial interpretation of intercountry differences is presented. The study used a comparative characteristic of one of the main integral indicators characterizing the unequal attitude of men and women in certain spheres of life - the index of gender inequality in the EU countries, including the dynamics of the world ranking of each country.

On the example of Finland, the process of feminization of society is examined in detail, the main indicators that determine the inequality of men and women in social and political spheres (the ratio of men and women in the national parliament; the wage gap; educational structure of men and women) are analyzed.

Ключевые словаgender inequality, geographic interpretation, index of gender inequality, Europe, Republic of Finland
Получено27.06.2021
Дата публикации28.06.2021
Кол-во символов20743
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1 Introduction. Over time, attention to the issue of equality between men and women has grown. The unequal position of men and women in society does not allow full disclosure of human potential. To study this issue, the UN introduced the Gender Inequality Index, which examines inequality in relation to women in the most important spheres of society, such as medicine, education, labor and political activity.
2 European countries are in many respects leaders in overcoming gender inequality. Democratic development of the second half of the twentieth century. inseparable from significant changes in the gender consciousness and gender relations of their citizens. Already in the 19th century. European women began to defend their rights, largely due to the long path, European countries have achieved such success in this matter.
3 The purpose of the study is to study the spatial aspects of gender inequality in the countries of the European Union, including the example of the Republic of Finland.
4 The scientific novelty of the research is manifested in the comparative analysis of the conditions and results of achieving national gender equality in the subject framework of social geography using its research tools.
5 Research results. In such UN documents as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) [2], the Beijing Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration (1995), fundamental approaches to the problem of gender equality are formulated. In addition, in 2000, the Millennium Declaration was formulated and adopted, one of the goals of which is to expand the opportunities and rights of women around the world, as well as achieve gender equality in all spheres of life. These documents became the foundation in the process of affirming the principle of equality of women and men and the basis for the formation of a single global gender policy. Since the 1970s. special laws on equal rights and opportunities have been adopted in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, France, Germany and other countries [7; 9].
6 The Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland) have undoubtedly achieved the greatest results in the implementation of gender state policy, the purpose of which is to create equal conditions for the self-realization of an individual regardless of gender. These states are recognized leaders in the field of ensuring the rights of women, and national mechanisms for gender equality are successfully implemented here. However, the concepts of gender equality in each of the countries of the Northern European region differ in matters of ideological content [6; 8].
7 In Finland, the model of gender equality is based on the idea of ​​gender neutrality, the "similarity" of men and women. In this state, a whole complex of state-legal mechanisms has been created and is actually functioning, aimed at ensuring de facto equality of the sexes. Firstly, the Republic of Finland has a special Gender Equality Law, adopted in 1986 and amended by the 1995 law, according to which quotas were introduced for the representation of each gender among members of state and municipal committees, commissions, working groups and others. bodies engaged in the development and adoption of decisions in appointed (not elected bodies) [5]. It is this normative legal act that clearly defines the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex. Secondly, in 2000 a special state body was created under the Ministry of Social Security and Health, whose tasks are to develop and prepare the necessary amendments to the Law on Equality. Thirdly, the judiciary is actively involved in the development of equality, for example, control and protection of equality between men and women is one of the main duties of the President of the Court of Justice of Finland. At the same time, this judicial institution receives a negligible number of applications and statements about discriminatory crimes, since the Finnish population is more willing to turn to the Ombudsman under the Government on these issues [8]. Fourth, the quota system develops Finnish mechanisms for gender equality policy. So, in accordance with the Law on Equality, state committees, commissions, advisory councils and other bodies with relevant competencies, as well as city government bodies, with the exception of municipal councils, must have at least 40% of representatives of the same sex (men or women), if certain reasons do not force a different gender configuration [4].
8 Either way, the causes of gender equality or gender inequality are rooted in historical, economic, cultural, political and legal traditions.
9 Gender Inequality Index. An indicator reflecting the inequality of men and women in various spheres of society is the Gender Inequality Index. This indicator is calculated by the specialists of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and published in the framework of human development reports, as one of the components that make up this indicator. The Gender Inequality Index looks at three main areas: 1) protection of reproductive health; 2) civil rights and opportunities; 3) opportunities in the labor market.

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