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Historical context in the light of science research (based on materials from the 2007 excavations in the Moscow Kremlin by the Institute of Archaeology RAS)
 
PIIS086960630011982-9-1
DOI10.31857/S086960630011982-9
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Asya V. Engovatova 
Occupation: Deputy director for scientific work
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Alexander E. Cherkinsky
Affiliation: Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia
Address: USA
Vladimir Yu. Koval
Occupation: head of Departament
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology RAS
Address: 152-1-29 Generala Tuleneva st.
Alexey Sergeev
Occupation: Junior Research Fellow
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, RAS
Address: Moscow, Russia
Elena Lebedeva
Occupation: Senior Research Fellow
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Moscow, Russia
Mariya B. Mednikova
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology RAS
Address: Moscow, Russia
Journal nameRossiiskaia arkheologiia
EditionIssue 2
Pages167-185
Abstract

The article examines the possibilities of natural science research in archaeology based on the case of a closed archaeological complex (structure 32) revealed during the 2007 excavations in the Taynitsky Garden of the Moscow Kremlin. The complex was formed at a time as a result of a fire and contains the remains of three people. Initially, based on the analysis of pottery material, it was dated to the first half of the 15th century. Studies of human bones carried out at the Center for Isotope Research at the University of Georgia made it possible to state that the structure perished between 1275 and 1395, probably as a result of the destruction of Moscow by the Tokhtamysh troops in August 1382. The use of science research methods made it possible to obtain additional information about the diet and the social status of individuals; the likelihood of their residence in Moscow during the last years of their life was analyzed.

Keywordsarchaeology, the Moscow Kremlin, science research methods, radiocarbon dating, isotope analysis (nitrogen, carbon, strontium), palaeobotany
Received28.06.2021
Publication date28.06.2021
Number of characters26939
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1 Археологические исследования на территории Московского Кремля крайне важны для специалистов и вызывают повышенный интерес, поскольку позволяют получить достоверную информацию о центре столицы небольшого удельного княжества, в будущем – Московского царства, до сих пор археологически изученного довольно слабо. Результаты раскопок Института археологии РАН под руководством Н.А. Макарова 2007 г. в Тайницком саду Московского Кремля (Панова, Коваль, 2007) (рис. 1) частично опубликованы (Коваль и др., 2017; Бужилова и др., 2019), что позволило переосмыслить и дополнить накопленный историко-культурный материал. В настоящей статье авторы вернулись к анализу уникального объекта, используя современные возможности естественнонаучных методов, поскольку возникли вопросы к хронологии и исторической интерпретации событий, приведших к образованию комплекса.
2
Рис.1_Энговатова_и_др_

Рис.1. Схема расположения раскопа 1 2007 г. в Тайницком саду Московского Кремля. Fig. 1. A layout of excavation site 1 of 2007 in the Taynitsky Garden of the Moscow Kremlin
3 При раскопках 2007 г. были выявлены следы усадебной застройки (рис. 2), существовавшей, по крайней мере, со второй половины XIII в. и впоследствии неоднократно изменявшейся (Дубровин, Коваль, 2014). В составе одного из объектов усадьбы (сооружение 32) были обнаружены обгоревшие останки трех человек, лежавшие на плетеной циновке на полу погреба и перекрытые слоем со следами крупного пожара. Датировка комплекса находок из этого строения основывалась на анализе керамического материала, отнесенного к первой половине XV в. (рис. 3, А), хотя среди находок обнаружены и фрагменты более ранней золотоордынской чаши второй половины XIV в. (Бужилова и др., 2019; Коваль, 2016. С. 444) (рис. 3, Б). Постройка со сгоревшими в пожаре и незахороненными людьми - исключительно редкий пример закрытого комплекса, отложившегося, фактически, моментально, что и заставляет вернуться к нему с целью уточнения даты и определения исторического контекста необычной для русского города находки.
4
Рис.2_Энговатова_и_др_

Рис. 2. Схема расположения сооружения 32 (по: Дубровин, Коваль, 2014. Рис. 18. С. 105). Fig. 2. A layout of structure 32 (after: Dubrovin, Koval, 2014. Fig. 18. P. 105.)
5
Рис.3

Рис. 3. Керамический материал из сооружения 32: А – сосуды и венчики, отнесенные к первой половине XV в.; Б – фрагменты золотоордынской чаши второй половины XIV в. Fig. 3. Pottery material from structure 32
6 Узкая датировка культурных слоев и закрытых комплексов средневековой Москвы остается непростой задачей. Благодаря раскопкам Института археологии РАН в Коломенском, московских монастырях, Историческом проезде, на Романовом дворе и в других местах опубликованы надежно датированные и представительные комплексы XII–XIII и XVI–XVII вв. (Баталов, Беляев, 2010; Беляев, Смирнов, Шуляев, 2010; Московская керамика… 1991; Кренке, 2009; Глазунова, 2008). Но объекты XIV – начала XV вв. изучены пока гораздо хуже (результаты охранных раскопок городских археологических служб и частных коммерческих организаций на протяжении 1990–2010-х годов мало информативны). Надежно датированные закрытые комплексы с изученными на современном уровне керамическими материалами Москвы фактически отсутствуют. Это заставляет с большой осторожностью подходить к датировке керамических комплексов конца XIV – начала XV вв. Их выделению много внимания уделил С.З. Чернов, но отсутствие построек этого времени в Москве заставило опираться на материалы селищ Северо-Восточного Подмосковья, где керамика имела существенные микрорегиональные отличия от московской. Им отмечено, однако, появление “красноглиняной грубой” керамики в исследованном регионе уже в последние два десятилетия XIV в. (Чернов, 1991. С. 29). Учитывая, что часть материалов из сооружения 32 может рассматриваться в качестве разновидности именно этого типа московской посуды, их датировка по керамике может быть несколько удревнена.

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