All
 
|
 
 


The Gorokhovo culture in the system of the Trans-Ural antiquities of the Early Iron Age
 
PIIS086960630004109-8-1
DOI10.31857/S086960630004109-8
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Natalia P. Matveeva 
Affiliation: Tyumen State University
Address: Russian Federation, Tyumen
Journal nameRossiiskaia arkheologiia
EditionIssue 1
Pages4-19
Abstract

The paper analyzes the discussion on the place of culture of Gorokhovo in the system of the early Iron Age antiquities in the Trans-Urals. The author proves functional diversity of the two types of ware: Vorobyevo type is interpreted as kitchen utensils and package, while Gorokhovo type is tableware. They are found together in all settlements that makes it possible to unite them in one single Gorokhovo culture. Originality of the dwelling structures, fortified settlements, pottery techniques, cult objects, and burial sites prevent us from treating the Gorokhovo culture as a period or a local variant of the Sargat culture. Their areas, chronological intervals, and main features of the material sphere differ. The population of the Gorokhovo culture occupied the northern and eastern parts of periphery of Ural nomads’ lands in the 6th – 3rd centuries BC. They were mediators in trade and competitors in the struggle for control over caravan routes and pastures against forest-steppe groups. It is assumed that the cause of disappearance of Gorokhovo culture was its carriers’ migration in the 4th – 3rd centuries BC to the Southern Urals under the pressure of their eastern neighbours, the population of the Sargat culture.

KeywordsTrans-Urals, forest-steppe, nomads, the Gorokhovo culture
Publication date28.03.2019
Number of characters25284
Cite   Download pdf To download PDF you should sign in
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной
1 Зауральское население, расселявшееся на реках восточных склонов Среднего Урала в раннем железном веке, оставило памятники гороховской культуры. Они были выделены К.В. Сальниковым и датированы им второй половиной I тыс. до н.э. (Сальников, 1962. С. 23). Тогда саргатская культура не была еще определена как самостоятельная, и все древности рассматривались совместно. В 1969–70-х годах В.Е. Стоянов по материалам разведок и раскопок Уральской археологической экспедиции очертил нынешний ареал гороховской культуры, и датировал ее в пределах V–II вв. до н.э. На той же территории он локализовал более ранние памятники воробьевского типа, определив их хронологию VI–IV вв. до н.э. (Стоянов, 1969. С. 245; 1970. С. 60), и включал их в исетскую культуру вместе с иткульскими, против чего аргументировано возражала Г.В. Бельтикова (1977. С. 119, 120), характеризуя особым образом структурированное общество, участвовавшее в региональном разделении труда в качестве горняков и металлургов. Оценка иткульской культуры как специфической в инвентаре, постройках и хозяйстве в дальнейшем была поддержана В.А. Борзуновым (1992. С. 100), А.Д. Таировым (2000. С. 60), В.А. Захом и О.Ю. Зиминой (2001) и др. Точку зрения В.Е. Стоянова модифицировала С.Е. Пантелеева, усматривая в совместном залегании керамики воробьевского и гороховского типов на поселениях взаимодействие населения, проживавшего на одной территории, но изготавливавшего посуду по разным канонам, отражающее дуально-фратриальное деление (Пантелеева, 2010. С. 94).
2 Л.Н. Корякова вслед за В.Е. Стояновым продолжает рассматривать воробьевский тип памятников в рамках “исетской ассоциации”, объединяя их с иткульской культурой горнолесного Урала (Корякова, 1991. С. 30). Гороховские памятники на той же территории она интерпретировала как результат влияния южно-уральских кочевников на местную среду (там же) и как следы жизни гороховского племенного союза, сложившегося практически одновременно с саргатским (Корякова, 1988. С. 165). Мною в 1987 г. по материалам собственных раскопок и сравнительному анализу коллекций шести изученных к тому времени поселений была показана преемственность воробьевского и гороховского типов, они были объединены в одну культуру с прежним названием, чему посвящена специальная статья (Матвеева, 1987; 1991). Л.Н. Корякова и ее соавторы стали рассматривать часть обсуждаемых древностей в рамках “саргатско-гороховского этапа саргатской общности”, датируемого V–III вв. до н.э. (Корякова, 1991. С. 34; Культура…, 1997. C. 141, 142), возвращаясь периодически к понятию “исетского стиля” (Шарапова, 2004). В настоящее время С.Г. Боталовым предложен “саргатско-гороховский историко-культурный горизонт” (2016. С. 473). В.А. Могильников (1992), а вслед за ним А.Д. Таиров (2000; 2016) в своих работах дали обзор аргументации разных точек зрения, не формулируя своей позиции.

views: 3096

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Bagashev A.N., 1996. Materials on the craniology of the population of the Gorokhovo culture. Tyumenskiy istoricheskiy sbornik: materialy konferentsii [Tyumen collection of articles on history: Conference proceedings]. Tyumen’: Tyumenskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 20–28. (In Russ.)
2. Bagashev A.N., 1997. Ethnogenetic connections of the Sargat tribes. Vtoroy mezhdunarodnyy kongress etnografov i antropologov [The Second International Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists], 1. Ufa: Vostochnyy universitet, pp. 63–64. (In Russ.)
3. Bel’tikova G.V., 1977. The Itkul settlements. Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya na Urale i v Zapadnoy Sibiri [Archaeological research in the Urals and in Western Siberia]. Sverdlovsk: Ural’skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 119–133. (In Russ.)
4. Bel’tikova G.V., 1988. A site of metal production on the island of Maly Vishnevy. Material’naya kul’tura drevnego naseleniya Urala i Zapadnoy Sibiri [Material culture of the ancient inhabitants of the Urals and Western Siberia]. Sverdlovsk: Ural’skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 103–116. (In Russ.)
5. Borzunov V.A., 1992. Zaural’ye na rubezhe bronzovogo i zheleznogo vekov [The Trans-Urals at the turn of the Bronze and Iron ages]. Ekaterinburg: Ural’skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. 188 p.
6. Botalov S.G., 2016. Historical and cultural horizons in the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages of the steppe Trans-Urals. Arkheologiya Yuzhnogo Urala. Les. Lesostep’ [Archaeology of the Southern Urals. Forest. Forest-steppe]. Chelyabinsk: Rifey, pp. 468–541. (In Russ.)
7. Buldashev V.A., 1998. Pogrebal’naya obryadnost’ gorokhovskoy kul’tury: avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata istoricheskikh nauk [Funeral ritualism of the Gorokhovo culture: the author’s abstract of a thisis for the Doctoral ... Degree in History]. Novosibirsk. 27 p.
8. Chenchenkova O.P., 2004. Kamennaya skul’ptura lesostepnoy Azii epokhi paleometalla III–I tys. do n.e. [Stone sculpture of the forest-steppe Asia of the Early Metal Age in the 3rd – 1st millennia BC]. Ekaterinburg: Tezis. 336 p.
9. Gening V.F., 1971. Ethnic substrate in the composition of the Bashkirs and its origin. Arkheologiya i etnografiya Bashkirii [Archaeology and ethnography of Bashkiria], IV. Ufa, pp. 44–54. (In Russ.)
10. Habitats et necropoles de l'Age du Fer au carrefour de l'Eurasie, Fouilles 1993–1997. Paris: De Boccard, 2002. 292 p. (Memoires de la mission archeologique francaise en asie centrale, XI).
11. Kobeleva L.S., 2009. Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya keramiki sargatskoy kul’tury (vostochnyy areal): avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata istoricheskikh nauk [The pottery technology of the Sargat culture (eastern area): the author’s abstract of a thesis for the Doctoral Degree in History]. Novosibirsk. 26 p.
12. Koryakova L., Epimakhov A., 2007. The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 360 p.
13. Koryakova L.N., 1988. Ranniy zheleznyy vek Urala i Zapadnoy Sibiri [The Early Iron Age of the Urals and Western Siberia]. Sverdlovsk: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 240 p.
14. Koryakova L.N., 1991. Kul’turno-istoricheskiye obshchnosti Urala i Zapadnoy Sibiri (Tobolo-Irtyshskaya provintsiya v nachale zheleznogo veka): preprint [The cultural and historical communities of the Urals and Western Siberia (the Tobol -Irtysh province in the early Iron Age): preprint]. Ekaterinburg. 53 p.
15. Koryakova L.N., Fedorov R.O., 1993. Pottery skills of the Trans-Ural population in the early Iron Age. Znaniya i navyki ural’skogo naseleniya v drevnosti i srednevekov’ye [Knowledge and skills of the Ural population in the Antiquity and Middle Ages]. Ekaterinburg: Ural’skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 76–96. (In Russ.)
16. Krayeva L.A., 2010. On the talc admixture in the Sarmatian ceramics of the Southern Cis-Urals. Drevneye goncharstvo: itogi i perspektivy izucheniya [Ancient pottery: results and perspectives of study]. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 58–65. (In Russ.)
17. Kul’tura zaural’skikh skotovodov na rubezhe er. Gayevskiy mogil’nik sargatskoy obshchnosti: antropologicheskoye issledovaniye [Culture of the Trans-Ural pastoralists at the turn of the periods. The Gaevsky burial ground of the Sargat community: an anthropological study]. L.N. Koryakova, ed. Ekaterinburg: Ekaterinburg, 1997. 180 p.
18. Levina L.M., 1996. Etnokul’turnaya istoriya Vostochnogo Priaral’ya [Ethnocultural History of the Eastern Aral littoral region]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. 396 p.
19. Matveyeva N.P., 1987. Ranniy zheleznyy vek Srednego Pritobol’ya: avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata istoricheskikh nauk [Early Iron Age of the Middle Tobol region: a theris for the Doctoral Degree in History]. Novosibirsk. 21 p.
20. Matveyeva N.P., 1991. On the correlation between the Gorokhovo and Vorobyevo sites in the Middle Tobol region. Istochniki etnokul’turnoy istorii Zapadnoy Sibiri [Sources of the ethnocultural history of Western Siberia]. Tyumen’: Tyumenskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 148–164. (In Russ.)
21. Matveyeva N.P., 1993. Sargatskaya kul’tura na Srednem Tobole [The Sargat culture in the Middle Tobol region]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 175 p.
22. Matveyeva N.P., 1998. Once again on the proto-homeland of the Hungarians. Integratsiya arkheologicheskikh i etnograficheskikh issledovaniy. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo seminara, posvyashchennogo 155-letiyu D.N. Anuchina [Integration of Archaeological and Ethnographic Research. Proceedings of the International Seminar devoted to the 155th anniversary of D.N. Anuchin], 2. Omsk; St.Petersburg, pp. 13–15. (In Russ.)
23. Matveyeva N.P., 2000. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskiye struktury naseleniya Zapadnoy Sibiri v rannem zheleznom veke [Social and economic structures of Western Siberian population in the Early Iron Age]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 399 p.
24. Matveyeva N.P., 2010. Notes on studying the Early Iron Age of the West Siberian forest-steppe. Arkheologicheskiye izyskaniya v Zapadnoy Sibiri (k yubileyu professora T.N. Troitskoy) [Archaeological research in Western Siberia (to the anniversary of Prof. T.N. Troitskaya)]. Novosibirsk: Novosibirskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy universitet, pp. 109–117. (In Russ.)
25. Mogil’nikov V.A., 1992. Forest-steppe of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. Stepnaya polosa Aziatskoy chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoye vremya [Steppe belt of the Asian part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian period]. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 274–311. (In Russ.)
26. Moshkova M.G., 1974. Proiskhozhdeniye rannesarmatskoy (prokhorovskoy) kul’tury [The origin of the early Sarmatian (Prokhorovka) culture]. Moscow: Nauka. 52 p.
27. Moshkova M.G., 1989. The history of studying Savromat-Sarmatian tribes. Stepi evropeyskoy chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoye vremya [Steppes of the European part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian period]. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 158–164. (Arkheologiya SSSR.). (In Russ.)
28. Obydennov M.F., 1996. Issues of the Ugric ethnogenesis based on archaeological sources. XIII Ural’skoye arkheologicheskoye soveshchaniye: tezisy dokladov [XIII Ural Archaeological panel meeting: abstracts], 2. Ufa: Ufimskiy nauchnyy tsentr RAN, pp. 56–60. (In Russ.)
29. Panteleyeva S.E., 2006. Khrono-stratigrafiya Pavlinova gorodishcha po rezul’tatam analiza keramiki: avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata istoricheskikh nauk [Chrono-stratigraphy of the Pavlinovo settlement based on the analysis of pottery: a thesis for the Doctoral Degree in History]. Ekaterinburg. 22 p.
30. Panteleyeva S.E., 2010. The Gorokhovo culture: the formation and dynamics of development (based on pottery collections). Ural’skiy istoricheskiy vestnik [Ural Historical Journal], 2(27). Ekaterinburg: Institut istorii i arkheologii Ural’skogo otdeleniya RAN, pp. 87–95. (In Russ.)
31. Polos’mak N.V., 1986. Cultural attribution of the Gorokhovo group of sites. KSIA [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology], 186, pp. 29–33. (In Russ.)
32. Rykushina G.V., 1995. Odontological characteristics of the population of the Jetyasar period. Nizov’ya Syrdar’i v drevnosti [The Lower Syrdarya in antiquity], 2. Dzhetyasarskaya kul’tura [The Jetyasar culture], 5. Moscow: Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN, pp. 290–303. (In Russ.)
33. Sal’nikov K.V., 1947. The fortified settlement of Chudaky in Chelyabinsk Region. Sovet. Arkheol., 9, pp. 221–238. (In Russ.)
34. Sal’nikov K.V., 1962. The Itkul culture. Uchenyye zapiski Chelyabinskogo oblastnogo muzeya [Transactions of the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum], 1. Chelyabinsk, pp. 13–26. (In Russ.)
35. Sal’nikov K.V., 1966. Composition of the forest-steppe Trans-Ural inhabitants in the Sarmatian period. Sovet. Etnograf., 5, pp. 118–124. (In Russ.)
36. Savel’yev N.S., 2007. Mesyagutovskaya lesostep’ v epokhu rannego zheleza [Mesyagutovo steppe in the Early Iron Age]. Ufa: Gilem. 260 p.
37. Sharapova S.V., 2004. Traditions of pottery making and ornamentation styles of the Trans-Ural population in the Early Iron Age. Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], 4, pp. 123–134. (In Russ.)
38. Shorin A.F., 1988. Sredneye Zaural’ye v epokhu razvitoy i pozdney bronzy: avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata istoricheskikh nauk [The Middle Trans-Urals in the developed and Late Bronze Age: a thesis for the Doctoral Degree in History]. Novosibirsk. 25 p.
39. Smirnov K.F., 1964. Savromaty [The Savromats]. Moscow: Nauka. 397 p.
40. Sreda, kul’tura i obshchestvo lesostepnogo Zaural’ya vo vtoroy polovine I tys. do n.e. [Environment, culture and society of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals in the second half of the 1st millennium BC]. L.N. Koryakova et al. Ekaterinburg; Surgut: Magellan, 2009. 298 p.
41. Stefanov V.I., 1998. Kurtuguz-1 – an Early Iron Age cemetery of the Middle Trans-Urals. Ural v proshlom i nastoyashchem: materialy konferentsii [The Urals in the Past and Present: Conference proceedings], 1. Ekaterinburg: Ekaterinburg, pp. 112–116. (In Russ.)
42. Stoyanov V.E., 1969. Trans-Ural forest-steppe settlements of the Early Iron Age. KSIA [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archeology], 119, pp. 52–61. (In Russ.)
43. Stoyanov V.E., 1970. Classification and periodization of West Siberian sites of the Early Iron Age. Problemy khronologii i kul’turnoy prinadlezhnosti arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov Zapadnoy Sibiri [Issues of chronology and cultural attribution of West Siberian archaeological sites]. V.I. Matyushchenko, ed. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta, pp. 238–253. (In Russ.)
44. Stoyanov V.E., Shiryayev A.G., 1964. The settlement of Rechkino-1. Voprosy arkheologii Urala [Ural archaeology issues], 6. Sverdlovsk: Ural’skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 72–85. (In Russ.)
45. Tairov A.D., 2000. The Early Iron Age. Drevnyaya istoriya Yuzhnogo Zaural’ya [Ancient history of the Southern Trans-Urals], 2. Chelyabinsk: Izdatel’stvo Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 3–206. (In Russ.)
46. Tairov A.D., 2016. Interactions of the forest-steppe and steppe inhabitants of the Southern Trans-Urals in the 7th – 2nd centuries BC. Arkheologiya Yuzhnogo Urala. Les. Lesostep’ [Archaeology of the Southern Urals. Forest. Forest-steppe]. Chelyabinsk: Rifey, pp. 443–467. (In Russ.)
47. Zakh V.A., Zimina O.Yu., 2001. The Lower Tobol sites of the Bronze and Iron Ages. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 3, pp. 138–149. (In Russ.)
48. Zuyev V.Yu., 1996. Fortified settlements of forest-steppe Eurasia and nomads of the Scythian-Sarmatian period: based on the materials of the fortified settlement Chudaki in the Southern Trans-Urals. Fortifikatsiya v drevnosti i srednevekov’ye [Fortification in antiquity and the Middle Ages]. St.Petersburg: IIMK RAN, pp. 23–28. (In Russ.)

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up