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“… And They Have Directed the Activities of These Secret Organizations to Espionage and Sabotage”. Chinese Sworn Brotherhoods and Secret Societies During the Period of the Great Terror
 
PIIS013128120009710-2-1
DOI10.31857/S013128120009710-2
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Evgeniy Kalkaev 
Occupation: Researcher, Department of China
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameProblemy Dalnego Vostoka
EditionIssue 2
Pages175-193
Abstract

In the second half of the XIX century, by the terms of the Aigun and the Peking treaties the Russian Empire acquired new territories of Amur and Ussuri regions. Soon after the Russian administration faced the fact that the Chinese living in this region and migrant workers did not consider themselves to be dependent on the Russian government and were administered by their own organizations. The shadowy activities of Chinese societies and organizations, as well as sworn brotherhoods were a cause of concern for Russian administrators and explorers. After the October revolution the situation did not change. The Soviet administration regarded Chinese secret societies and brotherhoods as obstacles to the integration of the Chinese workers into Soviet society. By the time of the "Great Purge" these institutions had been considered as "reactionary". The NKVD used this image of Chinese societies and brotherhoods to justify the need for an operation against the Chinese diaspora.

KeywordsGreat Terror, NKVD, Chinese operation, Chinese diaspora, Sworn Brotherhoods, Chinese secret societies
Received10.06.2020
Publication date10.06.2020
Number of characters62046
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