Zhang Tailei and Dissemination of Bolshevism in China

 
PIIS013128120006103-4-1
DOI10.31857/S013128120006103-4
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Capitoline University
Address: USA
Journal nameProblemy Dalnego Vostoka
EditionIssue 4
Pages125-144
Abstract

This year, China solemnly celebrated two anniversaries: 100 years since the formation in March 1919 of the III (Communist) International — the world organization of Bolsheviks, which played a huge role in the preparation of the Chinese revolution, and the centenary of the "May 4 Movement", which marked the beginning of the widespread Bolshevik ideas in China. These dates are a worthy occasion to recall the man who made a huge contribution to both the Chinese policy of the Comintern and the formation of the Communist party and the Komsomol of China — the Chinese revolutionary Zhang Tayle (1898–1927), who was in the early 1920s the main link between the world Communist movement and the emerging CCP.

Keywordshistory of the CCP, the Comintern, the Communist International of Youth (KIM), the Communist Youth League of China, May 4th Movement, the Kuomintang, Zhang Tailei
Received23.09.2019
Publication date23.09.2019
Number of characters49630
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1. . Vishnyakova-Akimova V.V. Two years in rebellious China, 1925–1927. Memories. M., 1965. S. 255. A photograph of Zhang Taylei taken during the III Congress of the Comintern, see photo boom: Zhang Taylei. Beijing, 1994. Photo 28.

2. . Third World Congress of the Communist International: Verbatim Report. Petrograd, 1922. S. 472–473.

3. . See: Zhang Tailai. Report of the delegate of the Chinese Communist Party comrade Zhana-Tai-Lei [III Congress of the Comintern] // Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (hereinafter referred to as RGASPI), 532/4/232 / 1–12 rev .; Zhang Tilei Wenji (Collected Works of Zhang Tilei). Beijing, 2013. S. 6–31.

4. . For the Far East Secretariat, see: Adibekov G. M., Shakhnazarova E. N., Shirin K. K. Organization Structure of the Comintern: 1919–1943. M., 1997.S. 27.

5. . See: B. Shumyatsky From the history of the Komsomol and the Communist Party of China (In memory of one of the organizers of the Komsomol and the Communist Party of China, comrade Zhang Ta-Lai) // Revolutionary East. 1928. No. 4–5. S. 213–215.

6. . In the same place. S. 216. See also: Ibid. S. 217–218; RGASPI. 490/1/208/92; Ding Yanmo, Huang Min-yang, Zhang Haodian. Zhang Tilei Nianpu Xinbian: [New chronological biography of Zhang Tilei]. Shanghai, 2011. S. 72, 80–88; VKP (b), the Comintern and Korea. M., 2007. S. 119–126.

7. . Adibekov G. M., Shakhnazarova E. N., Shirin K. K. Organizational structure of the Comintern: 1919–1943. S. 38–39. In the documents of the Comintern at that time he was listed as Zhang Kai.

8. . See: Peoples of the Far East. 1921. No. 3 (August). S. 321–326.

9. . See: Mulready-Stone Kristin. Mobilizing Shanghai Youth: CCP Internationalism, GMD Nationalism and Japanese Collaboration. New York, 2015, 38–39.

10. . We are talking about Ding Zetzing, Zhang Mei, Liu Zhigang, Li Guanhong, Li Yushan, Li Jun and Li Jifeng. See, for example, their articles published in the book: Yongheng de Jinyan - Tianjin Dasyue Zhang Taylei Xuanchuan he Yanju Sanshi Nian: [Eternal Memory - Thirty Years of Propaganda and Studying Zhang Tilei at Tianjin University]. Tianjin, 2014.S. 241–253; Hongqi (Red Banner). 1987. No. 24; Changzhou Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao: [Bulletin of the Changzhou Pedagogical Institute]. 1997. No. 1. Taiyang Shizhuang Shuebao: [Bulletin of the Taiyang Pedagogical Special Institute]. 2002. No. 5; as well as reports of some of them presented at the scientific conference Zhang Tailai and the Chinese Revolution (Nanjing, June 4, 2017).

11. . In traditional China, the day was divided into twelve two-hour periods, which, like the years in the twelve-year cycle, were named after the names of animals. The time interval from 17 o'clock in the afternoon until 7 p.m. was called the Rooster hour.

12. . See: Wang Izhi. Hui Tailai: [Memories of Tilai] // Hui Zhang Tailai: [Memories of Zhang Tailai]. Beijing, 1984, p. 66.

13. . Zhou I. [Song] Zhu Xi Zhu ([Book] of change of the Zhou era. With comments [of the Song] Zhu Xi). Shanghai, 1995. S. 57; I Ching: Book of Changes. Trans. J. Legge. Secaucus, NJ, 1964. P. 91. See also: Yi Jing: Book of Changes. St. Petersburg, 2014.S. 228–229.

14. . Interestingly, the name Tilei in the Changzhou dialect of the Chinese language sounds the same as the great name Zhang - Tailai. Perhaps this also influenced Zhang's choice of his revolutionary name.

15. . In old China, it was impossible to even dream of taking an official position without obtaining degrees. To obtain the first degree (syutsay, "flourished talent"), it was required to pass an exam at the county level, to obtain the second (juzhen, "nominee") - at the provincial level and to obtain the third, highest degree (jinshi, "advanced scientist") - at the courts of imperators.

16. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 6, 7; Lu Jing Hua. Hui Zhang Tilei Tongji: [Memories of Comrade Zhang Tailai] // Hui Zhang Tailai. S. 99.

17. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 15.

18. . See: Wang Izhi. Hui Tilei. S. 5.

19. . See: Zhang Tailai. Photo 4.

20. . See: Changzhou. Beijing, 2011.S. 49.

21. . Qu Quubo. Essays and articles. M., 1959.P. 37.

22. . See: Entries by the author during a visit to the high school museum in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province. May 29, 2017

23. . See: Wu Zhiguang, Chu Peicheng. Zhang Tilei Jiashi Kao: [Gene Generational Study of Zhang Tilei] // Zhang Tilei Yanju Wenji: [Research Articles on Zhang Tilei]. Changzhou, 1998. S. 268–269; Qian Tantao. Zhang Tailai ji shi xintan: [New research on the Zhang Tailai family]. B.M., 2013.S. 11; Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 1–37; Li Zikuan. Zhuyi shuiesheng shiqi de Zhang Tailai: [Memories of Zhang Tailai during his studies] // Hui Zhang Tailai. S. 53.

24. . See: Sun Yat-sen. Selected works. Ed. 2 e, correct. and add. M., 1985. S. 107-120; Chiang Kai-shek. Jiji: [Diary]. Records of 1917; Hsieh Shou-kang. President Chiang Kai-shek: His Childhood and Youth. Taipei, [1954]. P. 58–63; Sun Zhongshan Nianpu Changyan: [A large compilation of materials for the chronological biography of Sun Yat-sen]. In 2 vols. Beijing, 1991; Sun Zhongshan Qidian: [Sun Yat-sen Dictionary]. Guangzhou, 1994.

25. . See: Bainian Zhangzhou: 1900–2008: [Changzhou in a hundred years: (1900–2008)]. Nanjing, 2009.S. 33.

26. . See: Ibid. S. 41.

27. . See: Zhou Yongxiang. Qu Quubo Nyanpu: [Chronological biography of Qu Quubo]. Guangzhou, 1983.P. 6.

28. . Cit. By: Spence Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. 3rd ed. New York, 2013. P. 254. See also: The New History of China. M., 1972. S. 502; Sun Zhongshan Nianpu Changyan. T. 1. S. 654–661.

29. . The Chinese language is phonetically poor, and words with different meanings, written in different hiero-glyphs, can sound the same.

30. . Qu was a poet by nature, and therefore chose such a beautiful name for himself. After all, the words “fine” and “frost” are related to autumn. See: Li Zikuan. Zhuyi shuiesheng shi chi qui Quiubai, Zhang Tailai Leshi: [Memories of the fallen heroes Qu Quiubo and Zhang Tailai during their studies] // Shanghai Wenshi Ziliao Tsungao Huiibyan: Zhengzhi Quenshi: [Collection of documents and documents Politics and military affairs]. T. 1. Shanghai, 2001.S. 508; Zhang Qushi. Zemi Dan'an Zhong de Qu Quiubo: [Qu Quiubo in declassified archives]. Beijing, 2011.S. 3.

31. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 15, 22.

32. . Qu Quubo. Essays and articles. S. 36.

33. . So in China they abbreviated the name of Peking University - from the words of Beijing (Beijing, the northern capital) and dashue - university.

34. . See: Chen Xiaozen. Zhang Tilei Yu Tianjin Di and Ge Tuan Xiaoju: [Zhang Tailai and the first circle of the union (youth)] // Hui Zhang Tailai. S. 56–57.

35. . About the Field, see: URL: https://www.ancestry.com/ 1940-census / usa / Massachusetts / Vera-Polevoy_39q5zj.

36. . See Trotzky L. The Bolsheviki and World Peace. New York., 1918.

37. . See: Li Zikuan. Zhuyi shuesheng shiqi de Zhang Tailai. S. 54; Yonghe de jinyan. S. 122.

38. . Cit. by: Li Zikuan. Zhuyi shuiesheng shiqi ji qu tsubai, Zhang Taylei Leshi. S. 514.

39. . See: B. Shumyatsky. From the history of the Komsomol and the Communist Party of China. S. 195.

40. . Ding Yanmo. Zhang Tilei Zhuan: [Biography of Zhang Tilei]. Shanghai, 2011. P. 43–47.

41. . Qu Quubo. Essays and articles. S. 39–40.

42. . See: A. Muller. In the flame of the revolution (1917–1920): Memoirs of the commander of the international detachment of the Red Guard. Irkutsk, 1957. S. 143–144; Kolmykov Yu. P. Life devoted to the revolution (70th anniversary of the birth of Naum Grigoryevich Butman) // Calendar of significant and memorable dates for 1970 (in the Irkutsk region), Irkutsk, 1969. P. 143–45.

43. . Muller A. A. In the flame of the revolution ... S. 143.

44. . See: Li Dazhao. Selected works. M., 1989. S. 144–161.

45. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 59.

46. . Majiang - gambling dice.

47. . Qu Quubo. Journalism of different years. M., 1979. S. 38. "The land of freedom" Zhang and his comrades called Bolshevik Russia. (Ibid., P. 39.)

48. . See: Chen Xiaozen. Zhang Tilei Yu Tianjin Di and Ge Tuan Xiaozu. S. 57–61; Shevelev K.V. From the history of the formation of the Chinese Communist Party. M., 1976.P. 110.

49. . See: Wang Izhi. Hui Taylei. S. 6; Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 66–78.

50. . See: VKP (b), the Comintern and China. Documents. T. 1. M., 1994. S. 48. The document published in this collection and dated December 21, 1920 states that Polevoy was a professor at Tianjin University, but that did not exist at that time. Most likely we are talking about the Tianjin Pedagogical University (Tianjin Shifan Xuetang), founded in 1905.

51. . See: Korovyakovsky P.P., Rusanov N.P. Zhang Tailay: From the cohort of the former (On the occasion of the 90th birthday) // Problems of the Far East. 1988, No. 4. P. 129.

52. . See: Chen Xiaozen. Zhang Tilei Yu Tianjin Di and Ge Tuan Xiaozu. S. 63.

53. . See: Harvard: America’s Great University Now Leads World // Life. May 5, 1941. P. 96; URL: http://www.legacy.com/ obituaries / deseretnews / obituary.aspx? N = leonid-sergei-polevoy & pid = 188757903; URL: https://www.locatefamily.com/ P / POL / POLEVOY-D-1.html.

54. . See: RGASPI. 490/1/208 / 92. About Minsk see: Lurie V. M. Kochik V. Ya. GRU: Cases and people. St. Petersburg, 2002.S. 436.

55. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 87.

56. . See: Zhang Taylei wenji xiu: [Supplement to Zhang Tailai's Collected Works]. Nanjing, 1992.S. 5.

57. . See: B. Shumyatsky From the history of the Komsomol and the Communist Party of China. S. 218; Ishikawa Yoshihiro. The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party. New York, 2013. P. 219–220.

58. . Zhang Tailai. Report of the delegate of the Chinese Communist Party comrade Zhang Tai-Lei [III Congress of the Comintern]. L. 2–2 vol. See also: Ibid. L. 12. (Emphasized by me. - A.P.)

59. . Zhang is referring to the “Report of the Commission on National and Colonial Issues,” which Lenin addressed at the Second Congress of the Comintern on July 26, 1920. See: Lenin V. I. Poln. Sobr. Op. T. 41.M., 1963.S. 244–245.

60. . Cit. by: Shumyatsky B. From the history of the Komsomol and the Communist Party of China. S. 220–222.

61. . Zhang Tailai. Report of the delegate of the Chinese Communist Party comrade Zhang Tai-Lei [III Congress of the Comintern]. L. 12-12ob. (Emphasized by me. - A.P.). See also: Persitz M. A. From the History of the Formation of the Chinese Communist Party (Report prepared by Zhang Tilei for the III Congress of the Comintern as a historical source) // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1971. No. 4. P. 56.

62. . See: Third World Congress of the Communist International. S. 473.

63. . See: Zhang Tailei, [Yu] Xiusong, Chen Weiren. Report of the Chinese Delegations at the Second Congress of the Young Communists ’International: July 22, 1921 // RGASPI. 533/1/39 / 114–130. An important role of the Hunhuzes in the Chinese revolution was also paid attention to a year before Zhang Tailai at the Second Congress of the Comintern (July-August 1920), the chairman of the Central Organizational Bureau of Chinese Communists under the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) An Longhe, but he was not an active deed body of the communist movement in China. See: M. A. Persitz. From the History of the Formation of the Communist Party of China. S. 56.

64. . See: Saich Tony. The Origins of the First United Front in China: The Role of Sneevliet (Alias ??Maring). Vol. 1. Leiden, 1991. P. 311, 315; Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party: Volumes One of Autobiography of Chang Kuo-t’ao. Lawrence, KS, 1972. P. 159–163; Yeh Wen-Hsin, Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism. Berkeley, CA, 1996. P. 223-24. Ye mistakenly believes that Zhang traveled to Tokyo in order to “ensure the participation of the Japanese in the upcoming congress of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern in Shanghai” (ibid., P. 224).

65. . Yu Xusun Wenji. S. 126.

66. . See: Saich Tony. The Origins of the First United Front in China. P. 310; Mulready-Stone Kristin. Mobilizing Shanghai Youth. P. 28–29.

67. . See: Wilbur Martin and How Julie Lien-ying. Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nation-alist China 1920-1927. Cambridge, MA 1989. P. 34; Report Comrade G. Maringa to the Comintern. July 1922 // RGASPI. F. 514. Op. 1. D. 20. L. 85–91; Saich Tony. The Origins of the First United Front in China. P. 317–323; Pantsov A. V. The Secret History of Soviet-Chinese Relations: Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution: 1919–1927. M., 2001. S. 76–77, 318.

68. . Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Vol. 1. P. 138.

69. . See: A. Pantsov. The Secret History of Soviet-Chinese Relations. S. 77, 313.

70. . See: RGASPI. 495/159/74/5, 7–8.

71. . VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 1.P. 76.

72. . In the same place. S. 89–90.

73. . See: Pringsheim Klaus H. The Functions of the Chinese Communist Youth League (1920–1949) // The China Quarterly. 1962. No. 12. P. 76.

74. . See: A. Pantsov. The Secret History of Soviet-Chinese Relations. S. 88.

75. . Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Vol. 1. P. 251.

76. . Ibid. P. 253.

77. . See: Pantsov A.V. Mao Zedong. 2nd ed., Rev. M., 2012.S. 169.

78. . See: Wang Jianmin. Zhongguo gongchandang shigao (Essays on the history of the CCP). T. 1. Taipei, 1965.S. 94.

79. . See: Kalachev S. (Naumov S.N.). A brief outline of the history of the Chinese Communist Party // Canton. 1927. No. 1 (10) S. 51.

80. . See: Saich Tony. The Origins of the First United Front in China. P. 580.

81. . See: RGASPI. 495/65-a / 9141/1.

82. . Cit. By: Recent History of China. 1917-1927. M., 1983.P. 140.

83. . See: Tsai He-sen. The history of opportunism in the Chinese Communist Party // Problems of China. 1929. No. 1. S. 4.

84. . Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Vol. 1. P. 306.

85. . Pantsov A.V. Mao Zedong. S. 179.

86. . See: VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 1. P. 255-314.

87. . Cit. By: Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Vol. 1. P. 309.

88. . The Communist International and the Chinese Revolution: Documents and Materials. M., 1986.P. 39.

89. . Zhang Tailai. Peasantry and the revolutionary movement in China // Peasant International. 1924. No. 2. P. 73–74.

90. . Zhang Tailai. Report of the delegate of the Chinese Communist Party comrade Zhang Tai-Lei [III Congress of the Comintern]. L. 8.

91. . See: RGASPI. 533/1/81/1, 39–42; 533/1/87/1, 3–6.

92. . VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 1.P. 358.

93. . See: Zhang Tailai Nianpu: [Chronological Biography of Zhang Tailai]. Tianjin, 1992. S. 101-102; Zhang Xiley, Yu Ping. Zhuguang zai qian: Zhang Xilei zishu: [Candlelight ahead: Auto-biography of Zhang Xilei]. Beijing, 2000. S. 13-14; Yang Lunsheng. And in the language of ichou Zhang Tailai tungzhi: [Remembering my good teacher, friend and mentor, comrade Zhang Tilei] // Hui Zhang Tailai. S. 45; Zheng Chaolin Huiyilu: [Memories of Zheng Chaolin]. [Hong Kong, bg]. S. 82, 88–89.

94. . At that time, the Socialist Youth League of China was renamed the Communist.

95. . See: Pringsheim Klaus H. The Functions of the Chinese Communist Youth League (1920–1949). P. 78.

96. . See: Zheng Chaolin. An Oppositionist for Life: Memoirs of the Chinese Revolutionary Zheng Chaolin. Ed. and trans. Gregor Benton. Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1997. P. 140.

97. . See: Ren Bichi Nyanpu. 1904-1950: [Chronological biography of Ren Bysshe. 1904-1950]. Pekin, 2004.S. 24.

98. . See: VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 1. S. 557. Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 169.

99. . Vishnyakova-Akimova V.V. Two years in rebellious China, 1925–1927. S. 255–256.

100. . See: VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 2.P. 340–349 /

101. . See: Chiang Kai-shek. A diary. Record December 7, 1926; Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Vol. 1. P. 557–8; VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 2.M., 1996. S. 920; Blagodatov A.V. Notes on the Chinese Revolution of 1925–1927 M., 1970.S. 156.

102. . See: Zheng Chaolin Huiyilu. S. 142.

103. . VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 2.P. 815.

104. . See: Chang Kuo-t’ao. The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party: Volumes Two of Autobiography of Chang Kuo-t’ao. Lawrence, 1972. P. 28–31; Chan Lau Kit-ching. From Nothing to Nothing: The Chinese Communist Movement and Hong Kong, 1921–1936. New York, 1999. P. 83.

105. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. 266; Documents on the history of the Chinese Communist Party 1920-1949 (In four volumes). T. I. M., 1981. P. 121–123; Hsiao Tso-liang. Chinese Communism in 1927: City vs Countryside. Hong Kong, 1970. P. 135-6; Chan Lau Kit-ching. From Nothing to Nothing. P. 88.

106. . See: Guangdong Dan, Tuan Yanju Shiliao (1927–1934): [Historical Materials for the Study of the Party and Komsomol of Guangdong (1927–1934)], Guangzhou, 1986. P. 58.

107. . Zhang Tailai Wenji. S. 521.

108. . See: Huang Ping. Wanshi Hui: [Memories of the Past]. Beijing, 1981. S. 47–48; Qu Qiubai. Superfluous Words. Trans. and commentary Jamie Greenbaum. Canberra, 2005. P. 35. Juan Ping makes chronological errors. See: Modern China. 1997. Vol. 23. No. 4. P. 379.

109. . See: Guangdong Dan, Tuan Yanju Shiliao (1927–1934). S. 63–69.

110. . VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 3.M., 1999.S. 165.

111. . See: Zhungong Zhongyang Wenjian Xuanji: [Selected Documents of the CPC Central Committee]. T. 3. Beijing, 1989. S. 541-544.

112. . Chan Lau Kit-ching. From Nothing to Nothing. P. 91.

113. . See: Zhang Taylei Wenji. S. 523-526.

114. . See: VKP (b), Comintern and China: Documents. T. 2. S. 188, 308-309, 314; Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 278; Zhongguo gongchandan zuzhi shi ziliao huibian - lindao jigou yanhe he chenyuan minlu: [Collection of materials on the history of the development of the CPC organizations - evolution of governing bodies and their personal composition]. Pekin, 1983. P. 84–86.

115. . See: Qu, Qu-bo. In memory of Zhang Tai-lei // Cantonese commune (On the fortieth anniversary of the uprising in Guangzhou). M., 1967.S. 132.

116. . See: Ding Yanmo, Huang Mingyan, Zhang Haoding. Zhang Taylei Nianpu Xinbian. S. 278–283; Guangzhou Qi and Yanju: [Exploring the Guangzhou Uprising]. Guangzhou, 1987; Thomas S. Bernard. “Proletarian Hegemony” in the Chinese Revolution and the Canton Commune of 1927. Ann Arbor, MI, 1975. P. 9–74.

117. . Vishnyakova-Akimova V.V. Two years in rebellious China ... P. 255.

118. . See: People's Daily: [People’s Newspaper]. 09/11/2009.

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