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The Role of Liking and Social Identities in the Attitudes of Russians toward Other Nations
 
PIIS086904990007566-4-1
DOI10.31857/S086904990007566-4
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Kristina Velkova 
Occupation: PhD Student, Doctoral School of Psychology, Social Sciences Faculty Researcher-Intern of the International Research and Teaching Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research, Expert Institute, National Research University “Higher School of Economicsˮ
Affiliation:
Department of sociology
Expert Institute of the National research University " Higher school of Economics "
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Nadezchda Lebedeva
Occupation: Head of the International Research and Teaching Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research, Expert Institute, National Research University “Higher School of Economicsˮ
Affiliation: Doctor of psychology, Professor, Department of psychology, faculty of social Sciences
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameObshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost
EditionIssue 6
Pages141-156
Abstract

This article examines the association between liking, multiple identities, and attitudes of Russians toward other nations. Eighty-five Russians participated in an online survey incorporating measures of affective attitudes, self-identification, feelings of liking, and factors indicating group-related bias. It was revealed that liking other nations was directly related to perceived similarity with them. Social identities showed nation-specific effects: national identity was positively associated with both culturally similar (Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Serbians) and culturally distinct nations (Americans); European identity was positively related to intercultural contacts with countries perceived as having common European roots (Germany, USA); and religious identity had negative relation to liking of non-Christian nations. Further, appreciation for cultural diversity facilitated the frequency of intercultural contacts and liking of the members of other nations

Keywordssocial identity, liking, affective attitudes, multiculturalism, nations
Received19.12.2019
Publication date23.12.2019
Number of characters31523
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1 Человеческие установки и отношения в значительной степени зависят от субъективных факторов. С одной стороны, социальная идентичность и членство в разных группах влияют на отношение к представителям других групп и могут быть источником и позитивных, и негативных установок, даже предрассудков и дискриминации [Dovidio, Gaertner 2010]. С другой стороны, к предвзятым суждениям могут привести и эмоциональные факторы [Loewenstein, Lerner 2003]. Определенные эмоции регулируют и направляют взаимодействие представителей социальных групп (например, гнев, страх, отвращение, восхищение) и предсказывают их специфические реакции (например, конфронтация, избегание, исключение, принадлежность или поддержка) [Mackie, Smith, Ray 2008]. Исследования показали, что чувства гнева и отвращения к определенным группам предполагают враждебное поведение [Mackie, Devos, Smith 2000] и нежелание вступать в контакт с их представителями [Esses, Dovidio 2002], в то время как межгрупповые страхи предсказывают избегание и нежелание противостоять и атаковать [Dumont, Yzerbyt, Wigboldus, Gordin 2003]. Межгрупповая вина провоцирует уступчивость [Leach, Iyler, Pedersen 2006] и готовность к извинениям [McGarty, Pedersen, Leach, Mansell, Waller, Bliuc 2005].
2 Так как в современных условиях расширяются возможности взаимодействия разных групп и культур и ставятся вопросы улучшения межкультурных отношений, настоящее исследование направлено на изучение роли множественных социальных идентичностей и симпатии в формировании межкультурных установок россиян по отношению к представителям разных национальных групп. Эта тема актуальна, и данное исследование предлагает новый взгляд на межкультурные отношения россиян с представителями других национальных групп, ставя акцент на значимости внутренних мотиваторов межгруппового взаимодействия.
3 Аффективный компонент аттитюдов Аттитюды описываются как механизмы, бессознательно направляющие поведение человека [Fazio, Olson 2003] и функционирующие как постоянные когнитивные структуры, которые хранятся в человеческой памяти [Fazio, Williams 1986]. Они активируются автоматически и служат фильтрами представлений о разных объектах [Asch 1940]. Это означает, что сразу после активации аттитюды направляют восприятие других объектов, и поэтому последующие суждения и поведение оказываются спонтанной реакцией на непосредственные восприятия.
4 Согласно трехкомпонентной модели установок, эмоции, настроения и чувства привязаны к оценке и впоследствии ассоциируются с объектом как отражение аффективного компонента [Eagly, Chaiken 1998]. Говорилось и об аффективном компоненте установок как об эмоции, ориентированной на определенный объект, более непосредственной и спонтанной и менее подверженной воздействию доступных когнитивных процессов, чем другие эмоции [Ortony, Clore, Collins 1988]. Например, исследования установок продемонстрировали, что респонденты реагировали на свои чувства и эмоции по отношению к объектам быстрее, чем на мысли об объектах [Verplanken, Hofstee, Janssen 1998]. Установок, основанных на аффективных реакциях, обследуемые придерживались с большей уверенностью по сравнению с когнитивно обоснованными [Edwards 1990], а аффективный компонент установок продемонстрировал особую значимость в качестве прямого мотиватора поведения человека [Peters 2006]. Проведенные исследования связи аффективного компонента и поведения подтвердили значение эмоций, так как эмоциональные оценки воспринимаются как более достоверные, чем неэмоциональные [Fazio 1995], и они напрямую связаны с поведением [Chen, Bargh 1999].

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