Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas

Inviyaeva, Victoria

doi:10.31857/S013038640025204-2

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Novaia i noveishaia istoriia

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Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas

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Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas

PII

S013038640025204-2-1

DOI

10.31857/S013038640025204-2

Publication type

Article

Status

Published

Authors

Victoria Inviyaeva

Affiliation: Moscow Lomonosov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow

Journal name

Novaia i noveishaia istoriia

Edition

Issue 4

Pages

98-108

Abstract

Almost two months after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the leader of the insurgents Generalissimo Francisco Franco proclaimed himself the head of Spain on 1 October 1936 and immediately began to deal with its internal structure and with establishing ties with other countries to gain recognition by ideologically close states as Italy and Germany, but also by Western democracies, in particular the United States. To this end, Juan Francisco de Cardenas, an experienced diplomat, went to New York at the end of August 1936. In 1937–1938, he tried to get the government of Francisco Franco recognised and obtain the status of a Francoist agent in the USA. The fact that the United States did not recognise de Cárdenas de jure as Franco's agent in New York, did not name him consul and banned the official seal and the Francoist flag as an attribute of statehood on its territory, indicated that the US did not regard the Franco government as a legitimate one. The Americans maintained formal diplomatic relations with the leadership of Republican Spain until 1 April 1939, viewing it as the only legitimate Spanish government. Nevertheless, with the US State Department's knowledge, de Cardenas was in fact able to provide almost all consular services, which to a certain extent indicated the duality of US policy. In this article the author, for the first time in Russian scholarly literature, studied the materials of the Spanish General Archive of Administration (Alcala de Henares, Spain) where the incoming and outgoing correspondence of Juan Francisco de Cardenas and other Francoist politicians for 1936–1939 is stored.

Keywords

Spanish Civil War, Spain, USA, foreign policy, international relations, diplomacy, diplomatic relations, diplomatic protocol, diplomatic relations, policy of neutrality, policy of non-intervention, Juan Francisco de Cardenas, Francisco Franco, the Spanish Revolution 1931–1939

Received

22.06.2023

Publication date

31.08.2023

Number of characters

33959

Cite

GOST	Inviyaeva V. Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas // Novaia i noveishaia istoriia – 2023. – Issue 4 C. 98-108 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://nni.jes.su/S013038640025204-2-1 (circulation date: 03.07.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S013038640025204-2
MLA	Inviyaeva, Victoria "Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia 4 (2023):98-108. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640025204-2
APA	Inviyaeva V. (2023). Francoist Diplomacy in the United States During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: On the Question of the Status of the Francoist Representative to the United States Juan Francisco de Cardenas. Novaia i noveishaia istoriia (4), pp.98-108 DOI: 10.31857/S013038640025204-2

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