“Low-level equilibrium trap” as an economic premise of the Syrian conflict

 
PIIS013122270019485-4-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-54-62
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 12, Rozhdestvenka Str., Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 66 Issue 4
Pages54-62
Abstract

The article contains a country case study of the pre-conflict Syrian Arab Republic of the 2000s illuminating the “low-level equilibrium trap.” This universal theoretical notion was developed in the 1950s by R. Nelson for developing countries. It monitors dynamics in the balance between insufficient savings, investments, relatively low income per capita, and high rates of demographic growth. The relevant imbalances largely caused the failure of attempts carried out in the 2000s by the Syrian authorities to secure a quick transfer from the “Socialist heritage” to the socially-oriented market economy. The latter was viewed through the lenses of the “Modern Syria” national concept as the Syrian authorities were de-facto trying to copy the experiences of the People’s Republic of China. In pre-conflict Syria, by hampering sustainable development, the above-mentioned “stalemated balance,” i.e. stagnation, could be compared with other challenges for the Syrian economy like the “poverty trap” along with the “security trap” which emerged after the outbreak of the conflict. Examining for the first time the Syrian version of the “low-level equilibrium trap” together with the dichotomy of premises has acquired practical importance in terms of understanding the genuine roots of the Syrian conflict. It allows the author to acknowledge that the conflict itself has been inspired not by hostile activities of foreign actors only but by domestic drivers as well. The author analyzes the “strength” as a key feature of the “low-level equilibrium trap” which determines perspectives of exiting it with the impact of multiple factors and comparing Syria with neighboring countries. The problematic nature of the above-mentioned feature is likely to be kept after the start of the full-scale post-conflict reconstruction with the Syrians returning to a peaceful life. Finding an exit from the “low-level equilibrium trap” to ensure the effectiveness of the national economy presents an imperative.

Keywordslow-level equilibrium trap, Syrian conflict, economic reforms, Middle East, Syria
Received01.04.2022
Publication date05.04.2022
Number of characters25702
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1 Нулевые годы стали непростым для Сирии временем, когда власти пытались обеспечить быстрый переход к социально ориентированной рыночной экономике, во многом пытаясь скопировать опыт реформ в КНР. Заявленные амбициозные планы, однако, натолкнулись на множественные вызовы, в том числе в виде макроэкономических дисбалансов “ловушки низкоуровневого равновесия”, что обусловило пробуксовку реформ, которые не были завершены на момент начала сирийских протестов в марте 2011 г. Конфликт в Сирии нельзя считать всецело обусловленным внешними факторами, важно иметь в виду и не менее значимые внутренние предпосылки.
2

ВНЕШНИЕ ИЛИ ВНУТРЕННИЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ КОНФЛИКТА?

3 В мировом научном сообществе не утихает спор о том, какие же – внешние или внутренние – факторы привели к вооруженному конфликту в Сирийской Арабской Республике. Ряд российских ученых, например Б.В. Долгов, полагает, что в отличие от социально-экономического кризиса, вызвавшего “арабскую весну” в Тунисе, Египте, Йемене и Бахрейне, в Сирии главную роль сыграла поддержка местной оппозиции со стороны США и их союзников по НАТО, включая Турцию [1, c. 118].
4 В то же время некоторые арабские и ряд западных исследователей, включая критиков властей среди самих сирийцев1, склонны преувеличивать значение внутренних причин конфликта, закрывая глаза на вмешательство зарубежных сил. Другие специалисты признают наличие на общем позитивном экономическом фоне нулевых годов вызовов, связанных с противоречиями внутри местной деловой элиты, недостатками фискальной и монетарной политики властей, безработицей среди молодежи, различиями в уровне благосостояния между городским и сельским населением [5, pp. 13-14]. Какую же роль в усилении конфликтогенности сирийского общества сыграли внутренние факторы? 1. Р. Насер [2], Дж. Дахер [3] – эксперты Всемирного банка [4].
5 Концепт “ловушки низкоуровневого равновесия” как универсальное деполитизированное понятие был сформулирован еще в 1956 г. американцем Р. Нельсоном [6], но оказался вполне применим к доконфликтной Сирии как развивающейся стране. Суть концепта, заключавшаяся в улавливании баланса между состоянием экономики (накоплений, капиталовложений, доходов на душу населения) и темпами демографического роста, перекликалась с положениями вышедшей в 1954 г. книги другого американского экономиста Х. Лейбенстайна “Теория экономико-демографического развития” [7]. В ней было показано, что если бурный рост населения возвращает получаемые им доходы на прежний низкий уровень, то и возникает “ловушка”.
6 Как таковая “ловушка” выступает не прямой причиной, а скорее предпосылкой, благоприятной средой для экономической стагнации, что способствовало обострению социальной напряженности. По словам Р. Нельсона, его теория имела рамочный характер и не могла использоваться в качестве статистической модели, будучи исключительно инструментом для изучения застойных явлений в экономике [6, p. 894].

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