Economic globalization and regional integration in the post-covid era

 
PIIS013122270019481-0-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-5-13
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Head of Sector
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: Moscow, 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 66 Issue 4
Pages5-13
Abstract

While significant, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic globalization and regional integration is temporary. The same objective factors that existed before the pandemic will determine integration trends in the future. The key role belongs to scientific and technical progress, and the effect of the pandemic was rather on the stimulating side here. Research in the field of medicine accelerated, online mode is already all-pervading and digitalization tends to become ubiquitous. The crisis has brought closer the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is expected to open the next stage of globalization, entailing shifts in the structure and dynamics of world production and trade. It can be assumed that new technologies will contribute to the development of the organization of global value chains (GVC), one of the main drivers of economic globalization and regional integration. Probable changes in the way of life and the corresponding shifts in consumption patterns in favor of services will also contribute to modifications in the structure of GVCs. Apparently, we should expect an increase in the processes of glocalization, which can be briefly defined as globalization with local specifics. COVID-19, which has caused disruptions in supply chains, has strengthened the course of self-reliance in the economic policy of some countries. The inconsistency between the method used by governments (protectionism) and the driving forces of the phenomenon that they are trying to resist (scientific and technological progress) leads to losses in productivity and competitiveness. It is necessary to distinguish between re-industrialization, stimulated by artificial methods, from re-industrialization, which has objective reasons and corresponds to the evolution of the world economy. The latter is not equivalent either to the return of previously exported production facilities or to the re-creation of the “pre-globalization” economic structure and cannot be regarded as a manifestation of de-globalization tendencies. The world realized the need to strengthen international cooperation and develop measures aimed at joint preparation and a coordinated response to possible new threats. Outbreaks of protectionism prove to be temporary. The long-term trend towards international trade liberalization will continue.

Keywordseconomic globalization, regional economic integration, international trade, COVID-19 pandemic, foreign trade policy, protectionism, re-industrialization, global value chains, Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Trade Organization, mega-regional trade agreements
AcknowledgmentThe article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement No 075-15-2020-783)
Received01.04.2022
Publication date05.04.2022
Number of characters29354
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1 Пандемия COVID-19 оказала значительное влияние на процессы глобализации и региональной экономической интеграции. Произошло усиление протекционистской риторики, противопоставляющей участие в глобализации следованию национальным интересам, под видом которых выступают интересы определенных политических кругов, секторов бизнеса и слоев избирателей. Но дело, разумеется, не только в субъективной трактовке объективных тенденций. После мирового финансового кризиса 2008–2009 гг. глобализация действительно вступила в сложный период, а пандемия добавила к прежним проблемам новые. Тем не менее главные стимулы экономической глобализации по-прежнему исходят от прогресса науки и техники, а условия реализации интеграционных тенденций задаются в сфере внешнеэкономической политики. Основное внимание в статье сосредоточено на вопросах экономической глобализации и региональной интеграции, непосредственно связанных с международной торговлей.
2

ПРОТЕКЦИОНИЗМ ПРОТИВ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

3 В 2020 г. из-за рецессии, вызванной COVID-19, в очередной раз был поднят вопрос о так называемом конце глобализации. Первая реакция правительств на пандемию и правда была далека от того, чтобы служить образцом солидарности и единения перед общей угрозой. Повсеместно вводились ограничения на экспорт медикаментов и медицинского оборудования, а при появлении новых препаратов едва наметившееся сотрудничество уступало место соперничеству. Однако впоследствии многие ограничения были отменены, и общий баланс стал складываться в пользу мер, облегчающих торговлю. С начала пандемии к октябрю 2021 г. в странах G20 были приняты 144 меры торговой политики, связанные с COVID-19, из которых 105 были облегчающими торговлю и 39 можно отнести к ограничительным [1].
4 Первоначальный всплеск торговых ограничений был вполне ожидаемой реакцией, ничего принципиально нового не произошло. Крен в сторону экономического национализма наметился задолго до наступления пандемии [2]. Непосредственной причиной усиления протекционистских тенденций во внешнеэкономической политике ведущих стран послужил кризис 2008–2009 гг., породивший стремление блокировать воздействие негативных внешних сигналов на национальную экономику и оградить местных производителей от возросшей иностранной конкуренции.
5 После кризиса приобрел популярность тезис о “новой нормальности”, то есть о наступлении эры невысоких темпов экономического роста [3]. Если до кризиса на протяжении длительного времени международная торговля росла примерно в 1.5 раза быстрее мирового производства, то в посткризисный период темпы ее увеличения резко упали и стали в среднем соответствовать темпам роста мирового ВВП, которые также заметно понизились. Пандемия привела к сокращению международного товарооборота, которое было в 1.5–2 раза более драматичным по сравнению с падением мирового ВВП.

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