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Non-Western Theories of Development in the Global Capitalism Era
 
PIIS013122270015003-4-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-4-113-122
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Denis Degterev 
Occupation: Head, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, RUDN University; Associate Lecturer, World Economy Department, MGIMO University, MFA of Russia
Affiliation:
RUDN University
MGIMO University
St. Petersburg State University
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 65 Issue 4
Pages113-122
Abstract

This article is devoted to the evolution of non-Western theories of development in the epoch of global capitalism, i.e. after 1990. It describes in detail what is meant by this concept – models of socio-economic development, alternative to the Western neoliberal paradigm and associated with the modernization of non-Western countries, primarily in the “Global South”. Periodization of these approaches is given in connection with the process of decolonization (early 1960s), the end of the bipolar world, and the strengthening of China (since 2010s). Two main directions of such theories – neo-Marxian tradition, as well as post-colonial and anti-colonial studies – are shown. The author concludes that the “non-Westernness” of post-colonial studies is conditional, while anti-colonial and neo-Marxian studies are very much intertwined. The article shows the role of such organizations as CODESRIA and Third World Network in shaping the intellectual development agenda of the Global South. It traces the evolution of neo-Marxist approaches to development of the poorest countries, which originated in Latin American structuralism, American neo-Marxism, the works of J. Galtung and W. Rodney. By the early 1980s, the world-systemic approach was already dominant, its representatives were relatively capable to explain the collapse of the socialist system, and also made attempts to describe the growing influence of China. Nevertheless, the theory of the transnational capitalist class that emerged in the 1990s and 2000s was more successful from this point of view. The article investigates the phenomenon of an emerging confrontation between China and the United States in the ideological field – for the influence on leftist intellectuals around the world, and shows the main resources of both sides in this conflict. Special attention is paid to Postdevelopmentalism that developed in the 1990–2000s in line with postmodernist approaches; both strengths and weaknesses of this concept are presented. In conclusion, the author summarizes that neo-Marxist approaches play a key role as the major alternative to neoliberal capitalist development in the countries of the “Global South” while national modernization theories are lacking in the non-Western countries.

Keywordsdevelopment, modernization, Global South, non-Western theories, postcolonial studies, neo-Marxism, dependency theories, world-system theories, transnational capitalism, social movements, post-development
AcknowledgmentThe article has been prepared at RUDN University and supported by a grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). Project no. 19-111-50655 (Expansion) “Non-Western Theories of Development in the Age of Global Capitalism”. The author also expresses his sincere gratitude to P. Bond (University of the Western Cape, South Africa), T.M. Gavristova (YarSU), E.N. Grachikov (RUDN University), Li Yan (CASS, China) and V.G. Shubin (Institute for African Studies, RAS) for their valuable comments.
Publication date11.05.2021
Number of characters31597
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Table of contents

К ТРАКТОВКЕ И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ
О "НЕЗАПАДНОСТИ" ПОСТКОЛОНИАЛИЗМА
ОТ ТЕОРИЙ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ К ТРАНСНАЦИОНАЛЬНОМУ КАПИТАЛИЗМУ
"МОНОПОЛИЯ НА МАРКСИЗМ" В НОВОЙ БИПОЛЯРНОСТИ
ПОСТДЕВЕЛОПМЕНТАЛИЗМ
1 В современной отечественной литературе достаточно много эмпирических исследований, посвященных развитию отдельных регионов и стран Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки. Куда более редкими являются работы по переосмыслению теорий и моделей развития, сложившихся в этих странах. В связи с этим стоит отметить монографии, вышедшие еще в советский период: Института Африки "Идейные течения в Тропической Африке" [1]; Института философии по идеологии неоколониализма [2]; труды ИМЭМО – "Проблемы индустриализации развивающихся стран" [3], "Общественная мысль развивающихся стран" [4], а также серию из пяти книг "Экономика и политика развивающихся стран", изданную в 1970–1980-е годы.
2 На современном этапе исследования моделей развития проводятся в Центре проблем модернизации и развития ИМЭМО РАН под руководством В.Г. Хороса, опубликовавшим две обобщающие монографии по итогам научного семинара [5, 6]. C 2018 г. постоянный научный семинар по незападным теориям международных отношений (ТМО) проводится в РУДН. В МГИМО вышла обобщающая работа под редакцией А.Д. Воскресенского по незападным теориям политической модернизации [7], а также монография "Юг: путь к экономической независимости" [8]. Оригинальные подходы представлены в серии очерков по политарному ("азиатскому") способу производства Ю.И. Семенова [9] и в трудах профессора ИСАА МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова В.А. Мельянцева [10].
3 Важным шагом для развития российской общественной науки стал выход на русском языке всех томов фундаментального исследования И. Валлерстайна "Мир-система модерна", включая четвертый том [11], а также других классических работ по проблематике развития, например монографии Э. Райнерта [12]. Публикации ряда авторов из России также появились в ведущих мировых научных изданиях. Знаковое в этой связи – интервью Б.Ю. Кагарлицкого журналу "Третий мир" – лидирующему по тематике "Глобальный Юг" [13]. Тем не менее включенность РФ в международный научный дискурс по незападным теориям развития пока оставляет желать лучшего, что и призвана, хотя бы частично, устранить статья.
4

К ТРАКТОВКЕ И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ
5 Незападные теории развития – это достаточно амбивалентное понятие. С одной стороны, это модели социально-экономического развития, альтернативные западной неолиберальной парадигме. Основной принципиальной (радикальной) альтернативой западной модели был и остается неомарксизм1 (продукт западной общественной мысли), хотя влияние его и содержание на разных этапах существенно меняется. С другой – это модели социально-экономического развития, разрабатываемые за пределами западного мира, включая страны "Глобального Юга", а также исследователями незападного происхождения, но интегрированными в западные академические круги (постколониальные исследования). 1. Ряд исследователей, в том числе В.Г. Шубин (Институт Африки РАН), скептически относятся к данному термину, предпочитая говорить о современном марксизме.
6 Вторая "дихотомия" связана с различием между сугубо академическими исследованиями, ведущимися в целом ряде стран мира как группами (центры, сети), так и отдельными учеными, и реализацией данных подходов на практике. Последнее характерно лишь для небольшого круга стран – КНР, Вьетнам, Куба, Северная Корея, Венесуэла. В то же время широкое распространение получили движения политических активистов, например Всемирный социальный форум.

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