Chinese Diplomacy: Context of Academic Discourse

 
PIIS013122270014419-1-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-33-41
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 65 Issue 3
Pages33-41
Abstract

The article examines the seventy-year history of the diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China, which went through two large 30-year cycles of its development, associated with the names of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, the leaders of the country of the first and second generation, and Xi Jinping, which has been conducting its foreign policy since 2013. The diplomacy of Mao Zedong is characterized by such features as a strong ideological component and a strategy for joining alliances. Deng Xiaoping’s diplomacy is distinguished by its economic orientation and the strategy of not joining alliances. Xi Jinping is actively conducting “great power diplomacy” and the “belt and path” geo-economic project in the context of the formation of new structures of the system of international relations with its predominant influence. The article also explores the independent variables of China’s diplomacy. The first is the conceptualization of all diplomatic activity in the form of strategies: short-term (about 10 years) and long-term (about 30 years), with two to three years of settlement between them. Another one that has had a significant impact on the diplomacy of China over the past 40 years is its conditionality in relations with the United States, its main global partner and geopolitical competitor, to whom, due to the trade war, it has lost all strategic trust. Another feature of China’s modern diplomacy is its global nature, network-centricity, coverage of the entire world political space and a clear desire to change its status in global governance from adopting norms and rules (norm-taker) to their creation (norm-maker). Great attention is paid to the analysis of modern forms of China’s diplomacy. The article presents a Chinese view of the history and modern diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China, reflected in Chinese academic discourse, party documents and speeches of the country’s leaders.

Keywords Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Xi Jinping, Chinese diplomacy, diplomatic strategies, core national interests, independent variables
AcknowledgmentThe article was prepared within the framework of the scientific project of Russian Foundation for Basic Research – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences No. 20-514-930003 “Russia and China in the global political space: harmonization of national interests in global governance.”
Publication date30.03.2021
Number of characters23990
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной
1 За 70 лет дипломатия Китайской Народной Республики прошла два больших 30-летних цикла, связанных с именами Мао Цзэдуна и Дэн Сяопина – руководителями страны первого и второго поколения. Дипломатию Мао Цзэдуна характеризуют такие черты, как идеология и стратегия вступления в союзы. Дипломатию Дэн Сяопина отличает экономическая направленность и стратегия невступления в союзы. Си Цзиньпин с 2013 г. активно проводит “дипломатию великой державы” [1, pp. 441-452] и геоэкономический проект “Один пояс, один путь” [1, pp. 497-520]. Внесение в Устав КПК (утвержден 24.10.2017) “идей Си Цзиньпина” наряду с “идеями Мао Цзэдуна” и “теорией Дэн Сяопина” свидетельствует об особом статусе не только самого Си, но и легитимизации на самом высоком уровне нового этапа дипломатии КНР [2, p. 119].
2 Цель статьи – попытаться представить, по возможности (учитывая ограниченный формат), достаточно полную систематизацию библиографии, дипломатических стратегий и современных форм дипломатии Китая, в том числе дипломатию великой державы Си Цзиньпина, а также затронуть некоторые вопросы дипломатической теории страны. В статье исследуется китайский взгляд на историю современной дипломатии КНР, отраженную в китайском академическом дискурсе, партийных документах КПК и выступлениях руководителей с некоторым привлечением иностранных источников. Для анализа в основном использованы издания двух авторитетных мозговых центров: журнал “Современные международные отношения” (выходят на двух языках – Contemporary International Relations и 代国关系) Китайской академии современных международных отношений (КАСМО) и журнал “Мировая экономика и политика” (世界经济与政治) Китайской академии общественных наук за период с 2000 по 2019 г. с включением некоторых более ранних статей, а также китайские монографии по дипломатии КНР. Аффилиация авторов работ, отраженных в библиографии данного исследования, свидетельствует, что они представляют ведущие китайские учебные и научные организации и основной контекст академического дискурса.
3 Под дипломатией в китайском академическом сообществе понимается мирное осуществление суверенитета страны во внешних отношениях через действия своих официальных представителей/представительств, управление отношениями с другими государствами и участие в международных делах. Это важный для Китая инструмент по отстаиванию собственных интересов и осуществлению своей внешней политики. Различные национальные интересы и внешняя политика определяют различную природу, содержание и особенности дипломатии государства, которые формируют различные ее формы [3, p. 2045].
4 Статья состоит из трех разделов. В первом излагаются некоторые элементы китайской дипломатической теории, во втором дается периодизация истории дипломатии страны и в завершающем разделе представлены основные формы ее современной дипломатии и главное содержание дипломатии великой державы Си Цзиньпина. Статья является своего рода введением в 70-летнюю историю дипломатии Китая, в которой обозначены основные ее коннотации.

Number of purchasers: 2, views: 1155

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. 习近平谈治国理政。第二卷 /习近平著。 北京:外文出版社,2017年 569页 [Xi Jinping. The Governance of China. Vol. II. Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 2017. 569 p. (In Chin.)]

2. Documents of the 19th All-China Congress of the CPC. Beijing, Foreign languages Press, 2018. 351 p.

3. 钱其琛主编:“世界外交大辞典(下)”,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年版,第2045页 [Qian Qichen, ed. Big dictionary of world diplomacy. Vol. II. Beijing, World Knowledge Press, 2005. 2045 p. (In Chin.)]

4. Jiemian Yang, ed. China’s Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Beijing, World Century Publishing Corporation, 2014. 244 p.

5. Analiz novykh kontseptsij vneshnej politiki KNR. Izdanie Press-kantselyarii Gossoveta KNR, Pekin, Mezhkontinental'noe izdatel'stvo Kitaya, 2014. 271 c. [Interpretation on New Philosophy of Chinese Diplomacy. Compiled by the State Council Information Office of the PRC. Beijing, China Intercontinental Press, 2014. 271 p. (In Russ.)]

6. 苏长和:“中国大国外交的政治学理论基础”,载“世界经济与政治”2019年第8期第4-19页 [Su Changhe. An Introduction to the Political Theory of Chinese Foreign Relations. World Economics and Politics, 2019, no. 8, pp. 4-19 (In Chin.)]

7. 苏长和:“从关系到共生-中国大国外交理论的文化和制度阐释载”,载“世界经济与政治”2016年第1期第5-25页 [Su Changhe. From Guanxi Through Gongsheng: A Cultural and Institutional Interpretation to China’s Diplomatic Theory. World Economics and Politics, 2016, no. 1, pp. 5-25 (In Chin.)]

8. Qin Yaqing. Continuity through Change: Background Knowledge and China’s International Strategy. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2014, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 285-314.

9. Grachikov E.N. Chinese School of International Relations: How Theory Creates Diplomatic Strategies and Vice Versa. Russia in Global Affairs, 2019, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 154-173. DOI: 10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-2-154-173

10. 外交战略. 百科-百度 [Diplomatic Strategies. Baike-Baidu, 27.07.2020. (In Chin.)] Available at: http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5 (accessed 27.07.2020).

11. 现代外教学概论/金正昆著。-北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年276叶叶 [Jin Zhengkun. Introduction to Contemporary Diplomacy. Beijing, China People's University Press, 1999. 276 p. (In Chin.)]

12. Grachikov E.N. China's Foreign Policy: Strategies in the Context of Identity and Global Perspective. International Relations, 2015, no. 3, pp. 290-306.

13. Grachikov E.N. Geopolitics of China: egocentrism and space of network. Moscow, SCIence, 2015. 273 p. DOI: 10.15216/978-5-4365-0419-3

14. Yuan Peng. China’s Grand Strategy Seen from the Report to the CPC 18th National Congress. Contemporary International Relations, July/August 2013, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1-21.

15. 中国大战略/叶自成 著。-北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003第442叶 [Ye Zicheng. The Grand Strategy of China. Beijing, China Social Science Press, 2003. 442 p. (In Chin.)]

16. 时殷弘:中国周边行为曾有的“胜利主义”:动能和决策复杂性.现代国际关系,2013年第10期第3-5页 [Shi Yinhong. “Triumphalism” in China’s Behavior in the Surrounding Areas: Motivation and the Complexity of Decision-Making. Contemporary International Relations, 2013, no. 10, pp. 3-5 (In Chin.)]

17. 中国国家利益分析/阎学通 著。-天津:天津人民出版社,1996年 328叶[Yan Xuetong. Analisys of China's National Interests. Tianjin, Tianjin People's Press, 1996, 328 p. (In Chin.)]

18. 国家利益论 /洪兵 著。- 北京:军事科学出版社, 1999年425叶 [Hong Bing. Theory of National Interests. Beijing, Military Science Press, 1999. 425 p. (In Chin.)]

19. 许嘉:“伦利益边界与本土边界之关系”载中国国家利益与影响 / 许嘉 主编。-北京:时事出版社. 2006年第464叶 [Xu Jia. The Relationship Between the Borders of Interests and State’s borders. China's National Interests and its Influence. Xu Jia., ed. Beijing, Current Affairs Press, 2006. 464 p. (In Chin.)]

20. Ye Xiaodi. Rediscovering the Transition in China’s National Interest: A Neoclassical Realist Approach. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 2019, vol. 48 (1), pp. 76-115.

21. Kissinger Henry. On China. New York, Penguin Books, 2012. 604 p.

22. 牛军:“联盟与战争”:冷战时期的中国战略决策及其后果,“世界经济与政治”,2014年,第6期,第8-15页 [Niu Jun. “Alliances and Wars”: Chinese Strategic Policy and its results during Cold War. World Economics and Politics, 2014, no. 6, pp. 8-15 (In Chin.)].

23. Yuan Peng. A New Model of China-U.S. Relations after Beijing’s Second Reform. Contemporary International Relations, 2015, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 4-5.

24. Grachikov E. Strategiya partnerskikh otnoshenij KNR: praktika i ee kontseptualizatsiya (1993–2018). Mirovaya ehkonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019, t. 63, № 3, ss. 83-93. [Grachikov E.N. Strategiya partnerskikh otnoshenii KNR: praktika i ee kontseptualizatsiya (1993–2018) [Chinese Partnership Strategy: Practice and Its Conceptualisation (1993–2018)]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 83-93.] DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-3-83-93

25. 从制造者到索取者:霸权衰落的逻辑/卢凌宇,鲍家政著。世界经济与政治,2019年第9期第74-106页 [Lu Lingyu, Bao Jiazheng. From Maker to Taker: A Logic of Hegemonic Decline. World Economics and Politics, 2019, no. 9, pp. 74-106. (In Chin.)]

26. Reilly James. A Norm-Taker or a Norm-Maker: China’s ODA in Southeast Asia. Contemporary International Relations, 2011, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 103-136.

27. 新中国外交简史/齐鹏飞,李葆珍 著。-北京:人民出版社,2014年版第299页 [Ji Pengfei, Li Baozhen. Brief History of the Diplomacy of New China. Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 2014. 299 p. (In Chin.)]

28. Yuan Pen. A Harmonious World and China’s New Diplomacy. Contemporary International Relations, 2007, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1-26.

29. 国际关系实用手册/黄日涵,姚玉斐 主编。-天津:天津人民出版社,2013年版第311页 [Huang Rihan, Yao Yufei., eds. Practical Handbook of International Relations. Tianjin, Tianjin People’s Publishing House, 2013. 311 p. (In Chin.)]

30. 当代中国外交间史(1949–2014)/张历历 著。-上海:上海人民出版社,2015 年428叶[Zhang Lili. Brief History of Contemporary Chinese Diplomacy (1949–2014). Shanghai, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2015. 428 p. (In Chin.)]

31. Qin Yaqing. Continuity through Change: Background Knowledge and China’s International Strategy. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2014, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 285-314.

32. 大国外交/王帆著。-北京联合出版公司,2016年版第382页 [Wang Fan. China’s Diplomacy. Beijing, Beijing United Publishing Co. Ltd, 2016. 382 p. (In Chin.)]

33. 中国外交战略和政策/楚树龙,金威 主编。-北京:时事出版社,2008年版第495页 [Chu Shulong, Jin Wei, eds. China’s Foreign Strategy and Policy. Beijing, Current Affairs Press, 2008. 495 p. (In Chin.)]

34. 中国“走出去”战略十年回顾:成就与挑战。现代国际关系,2011年第8期第1-17 叶[A Ten-year Review of China’s “Going Abroad” Strategy: Achievements and Challenges. Contemporary International Relations, 2011, no. 8, pp. 1-17. (In Chin.)]

35. 理解中国外交(1949–2009): 民族复兴进程中的国家神峰探求/李开盛 著。-北京:中国社会科学出版社,2011年版第226页 [Li Kaisheng. Identity, National Revival and China’s Foreign Strategy (1949–2009). Beijing, Chinese Social Science Press, 2011. 226 p. (In Chin.)]

36. Qiu Huafei. Contemporary Chinese Foreign Affairs and International Relations. Beijing, Current Affairs Press, 2013. 428 p.

37. 新时期中国外交战略/宫力,王红续 主编。-北京:中共中央党校出版社,2014年版第265 [Gong Li, Wang Hongxu, eds. China's Diplomatic Strategies in New Era. Beijing, Central Party School Press, 2014. 265 p. (In Chin.)]

38. 当代中国外交/颜声毅 著。-上海:复旦大学出版社,2004年391叶 [Yang Shengyi. Contemporary Chinese Diplomacy. Shanghai, Fudan University Press, 2004. 391 p. (In Chin.)]

39. 外交案例/吴建民 著,-北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年357叶 [Wu Jianming. Case Studies in Diplomacy. Beijing, China’s People’s University Press, 2007. 357 p. (In Chin.)]

40. 外交案例II /吴建民 著,-北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014年417叶 [Case Studies in Diplomacy II. Beijing, China’s People’s University Press, 2014. 417 p. (In Chin.)]

41. 李巍:“中美金融外交中的国际制度竞争” // “世界经济与政治”,2016第4期第112-138叶 [Li Wei. Sino-U.S. Diplomatic Competition in International Financial Institutions. World Economics and Politics, 2016, no. 4, pp. 112-138. (In Chin.)]

42. 陈小鼎:区域公共产品与中国周边外交新理念的战略内涵 // “世界经济与政治”,2016第8期第37-55叶[Chen Xiaoding. The New Strategic Connotations of Neighborhood Diplomacy in Light of Regional Public Products. World Economics and Politics, 2016, no. 8, pp. 37-55. (In Chin.)]

43. 城市外教:中国实现与外国经验 /韩方明 主编。-北京:新华出版社,2014第180页 [Han Fangming, ed. City Diplomacy: China’s Practice and Foreign Experience. Beijing, Xinhua Press, 2014. 180 p. (In Chin.)]

44. 国际体系与中国外交 /秦亚青 等 著。-北京:世界知识出版社,2009年401叶 [Qin Yaqing, et al. International System and China’s Diplomacy. Beijing, World Knowledge Press, 2009. 401 p. (In Chin.)]

45. 大国关系与中国外交/秦亚青主编。-北京:世界知识出版社,2011年版第492页 [Qin Yaqing, ed. Great Power Relations and China’s Diplomacy. Beijing, World Knowledge Press, 2011. 492 p. (In Chin.)]

46. 国际政治中的中国外交/扬勉 著著。-北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2005年版第475页 [Yang Mian, ed. Chinese Diplomacy in International Politics. Beijing, China's Communication University Press, 2005. 475 p. (In Chin.)]

47. 中国外交决策模式/宋海啸 著。-北京:时事出版社,2016年版第280页 [Song Haixiao. Pattern of Decision-Making of Chinese Diplomacy. Beijing, Current Affairs Press, 2016. 280 p. (In Chin.)]

48. 孙吉胜:中国国际话权的塑造提升路经:以党的十八大以来的中国外交实践为列//“世界经济与政治”2019年第3期第19-43页 [Sun Jisheng. China’s Approach to Shape and Improve Its International Discursive Power: Diplomatic Practice Since the 18th Party Congress as an Example. World Economics and Politics, 2019, no. 3, pp.19-43 (In Chin.)]

49. 体育外交的作用及其运用:以北京奥运会为列/李德芳 著。现代国际关系。2008年第10期第55-60页 [Sport Diplomacy’s Role and Application: Beijing Olympic Games. Contemporary International Relations, 2008, no. 10, pp. 55-60 (In Chin.)]

50. 非传统外交导论/赵可金 著。-北京:北京大学出版社,2015年版第323页 [Zhao Kejin. Diplomacy Beyond Foreign Ministry. Beijing, Peking University Press, 2015. 323 p. (In Chin.)]

51. Wang Jinwei. Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy:’ A Paradigm Shift? Journal of Contemporary Chine, 2019, vol. 28, iss. 115, pp. 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1497907.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up