All
 
|
 
 


Realization of the “Chinese Dream” in Xi Jinping’s Era: What Should Russia Expect?
 
PIIS013122270007204-5-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-10-5-16
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Alexei D. Voskressenski 
Occupation: Director of the Centre for Comprehensive Chinese Studies and Regional Projects
Affiliation: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Address: Vernadskogo Prosp., Moscow, 119454, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 63 Issue 10
Pages5-16
Abstract

The essay explains the mode of China’s development in the last decade. It considers the basic content of fundamental Chinese political concepts, the logic of their emergence and structural content, as well as the main similarities and distinctions of two variants of the “China model” – a continental one in the People’s Republic of China and the island one in the Republic of China on Taiwan (or Taiwan, China). The parameters of the Chinese social state concepts, their characteristics and specifics are revealed. The author analyzes in details the Chinese development model and explains possibilities of its application in other societies. During the most difficult times of constructing the Chinese national state, the Communist Party of China (CPC), having passed through the period of ideological splits, inner-party prosecutions and physical destruction of dissent by means of political repressions, learned to accumulate and integrate stepwise progressive aspirations of the vast majority of the Chinese society using political concepts of “Reforms and Openness”, “Three Represents”, “Harmonious Development” and “Chinese Dream”. The process of accumulation and integration of societal interests in China gradually began to take place mostly without massive political violence, but on the basis of authoritarian model of political governance. On the island Taiwan as economically a more successful quasi-state, the alternative course of constructing an open competitive market system and democratizing political system with incrementally dismantled dominant party and formation of a multi-party system was taken. In the PRC, since 1978, the emphasis was placed on a democratic governance improvement within the dominant party with a support of the law, together with the struggle against corruption and formation of the modern welfare state of the gradually transformed authoritarianism. Xi Jinping put forward the “Chinese Dream” concept struggling with inner-party dissent on the choice of further development under the conditions of Chinese economy slowing down after the end of Deng Xiaoping era. The Deng era with his main precept – to develop “without leaning out” – ended with appearance of the alternative political leader on a different organizational platform (Bo Xilai) who caused the strongest political crisis and demanded a forced consolidation within the dominant party. The “Chinese Dream” concept was designed to help consolidate the political elite, increase authoritarian governance and focus on the ultimate goal – the “great revival of the Chinese nation”. Such developments demanded the restoration of traditional and elaboration of new party methods while Xi Jinping, the new leader of China, received the status of the “core leader” (hexin lingdao). The possibility to copy the Chinese model may be applicable to rather poor and small countries which can deliver resources to and receive from China in exchange a financial and technological help for the production of goods based on the low-cost local labor. However, even these poor countries may experience undoubted difficulties, and perhaps may not be able to reproduce the unique system based on an exclusive experience of Chinese historical development. It is difficult to reproduce this system in other countries or to reconstruct it successfully in post-Soviet states, because the legitimacy of the CPC is based on its military victory in the Civil War and 40 years' successful experience of political leadership in economic reforming in unique historical circumstances of the period of unprecedented growth in the world economy based on liberal principles, after dissolution of the USSR and the bipolarity system. Having got under the amplifying influence of a successful Chinese economic development, authoritarian political systems in some other countries will be forced perhaps to adapt to the need of providing development in a more open economic environment, to respectively introduce the elements of a meritocracy, internal competition in political governance more corresponding to the international experience of economic and political reforming. At the same time, the probability is high that in Central Asia this process may form a partial dependence of these post-Soviet states on China. The preservation of full sovereignty in these countries is also not so obvious, neither is the Russian attitude to such an evolution of regional development.

KeywordsChina, development, CPC, Xi Jinping, reforms, political system, political concepts, ideology, Chinese model
Received14.10.2019
Publication date06.11.2019
Number of characters45569
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной

Table of contents

КИТАЙСКИЙ ПУТЬ И КИТАЙСКАЯ МЕЧТА
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА С КИТАЙСКОЙ СПЕЦИФИКОЙ
НОВАЯ МОДЕЛЬ СОЦИАЛИЗМА
КИТАЙСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ РАЗВИТИЯ – КАКАЯ ОНА?
1 Сегодня, когда Китай становится глобальной державой и оказывает большое влияние на пространства взаимодействия и по периферии своих границ, и с внешнем миром в целом исключительно важно понимать, как реально развивалась страна и с какими сложностями она может встретиться на пути своего дальнейшего исторического продвижения. Это дает возможность оценить перспективы положения России между Западом и Востоком и проанализировать пути формирования китайской модели социального государства, то есть посмотреть на китайский опыт развития в сравнительно-исторической перспективе и, по возможности, беспристрастно.
2

КИТАЙСКИЙ ПУТЬ И КИТАЙСКАЯ МЕЧТА
3 Начиная с 1950-х годов в Китае идет дискуссия о содержательной стороне национальной модели модернизации. Дискуссия эта особенно активно развернулась, когда с полной очевидностью стал явным крах маоцзэдуновской модели развития мобилизационно-насильственного типа, особенно, в сравнении с успешной тайваньской моделью. Модернизация традиционно рассматривалась в Китае как осовременивание, приближение к современности (сяньдайхуа) [1], а при Мао Цзэдуне и при одном из его предпоследних преемников Линь Бяо – как насильственно-форсированное преобразование мобилизационного типа на основе китаезированного марксизма [2], соединенного с примитивизированным пониманием социального развития [3] в русле маодзэдуновской эклектики в области политической философии и теории [4]. Крах затратной насильственно-форсированной модели развития поставил китайское руководство перед выбором: как проводить интенсивное экономическое развитие, сохраняя каркас системы политико-экономического управления таким образом, чтобы не допустить распада государства и, одновременно, обеспечить наращивание благосостояния населения?
4 Это вынудило руководство КНР, подобно китайцам на Тайване в 1960–1980 годах при правлении лидера Гоминьдана (ГМД) Чан Кайши, а потом и последующем тайваньском руководителе его сыне Цзян Цзинго, эвакуировавшихся вместе с армией, группой последователей и беженцами на остров после поражения на материке в гражданской войне от Коммунистической партии Китая (КПК), воплощать в жизнь (но примерно на 15–20 лет позже) концепцию построения общества "средней удовлетворенности" (сяокан) или "среднего благосостояния". Концепция "сяокан" опиралась на глубоко укорененные в китайской нации исторические конфуцианские представления [5] о справедливости и социальном благополучии народа [6] через формулирование концепции самобытного китайского социализма [7], подкрепленного научной политикой правления просвещенной доминантной партии – Гоминьдана на Тайване, а потом, начиная с периода реформ и открытости, и КПК в КНР [8].
5 КПК в ходе сложнейшего периода строительства китайского национального государства, пройдя через раскол, внутрипартийные преследования и физическое уничтожение инакомыслия путем политических репрессий [9], научилась постепенно аккумулировать и интегрировать прогрессивные устремления подавляющего большинства китайского общества через политические концепции "реформ и открытости", "трех представительств", "гармоничного развития" и "китайской мечты". Процесс аккумулирования и интегрирования политических интересов общества в КНР постепенно стал происходить по большей части без массового политического насилия, но в целом на основе авторитарной модели политического управления. При этом за весь современный период развития пореформенного Китая благосостояние китайского народа непрерывно повышалось, и поэтому КПК продолжает получать народную поддержку на осуществление своего курса.

Number of purchasers: 10, views: 1301

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Vinogradov A.V. Kitajskaya model' modernizatsii. Poiski novoj identichnosti. Moskva, Institut Dal'nego Vostoka RAN, 2008. 363c. [Vinogradov A.V. Kitaiskaya model' modernizatsii. Poiskinovoi identichnosti [China’s modernization model. Searching for the new identity]. Moscow, Institut Dal'nego Vostoka RAS, 2008. 363 p.]
2. Kulik B.T. Sovetsko-kitajskij raskol: prichiny i posledstviya. Moskva, Institut Dal'nego Vostoka RAN, 2000. 639 c. [Kulik B.T. Sovetsko-kitaiskii raskol: prichiny i posledstviya [Soviet-Chinese split: reasons and consequences]. Moscow, Institut Dal’nego Vostoka RAS, 2000. 639 p.]
3. Chen Li. Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era. Washington DC, Brookings Institution Press, 2016. 494 p.
4. Liu Jianwei. Democracy and China. Beijing, New World Press, 2011. 178 p.
5. Krushinskij A.A. "Kitajskaya mechta" i kategorii traditsionnoj kitajskoj mysli. Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka, 2015, № 5, cc. 135-148. [Krushinskii A.A. "Kitaiskaya mechta" i kategorii traditsionnoi kitaiskoi mysli [Chinese dream and categories of the Chinese thought]. Far Eastern Affairs, 2015, no. 5, pp. 135-148.]
6. Perelomov L.S. Slovo Konfutsiya. Moskva, Nauka, 1992. 408 s. [Perelomov L.S. Slovo Konfutsiya [The Confusious word]. Moscow, Nauka, 1992. 408 p.]
7. Rubin V.A. Lichnost' i vlast' v drevnem Kitae. Moskva, Vostochnaya literatura, 1999. 384 s. [Rubin V.A. Lichnost' i vlast' v drevnem Kitae [Individuum and power in ancient China]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura, 1999. 384 p.]
8. Khu An'gan. Ocherki po istorii i politike Kitaya (1949–1976). Moskva, Buki Vedi, 2014. 832 c. [Hú Āngāng. Ocherki po istorii i politike Kitaya (1949–1976) [Sketches on the history and politics of China (1949–1976)]. Moscow, Buki Vedi, 2014. 832 p.]
9. Reshenie po nekotorym voprosam istorii KPK so vremeni obrazovaniya KNR. Pekin, Izdatel'stvo literatury na inostrannykh yazykakh, 1981. 134 s. [Resolution on Some Questions in the History of the CPC Since the Founding of the PRC. Beijing, Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 1981. 134 p. (In Russ.)]
10. Galenovich Yu.M. Deviz Khu Tszin'tao: Sotsial'naya garmoniya v Kitae. Moskva, Pamyatniki istoricheskoj mysli, 2006. 392 s. [GalenovichYu.M. Deviz Hú Jǐntāo: Sotsial'naya garmoniya v Kitae [Hú Jǐntāo motto: social harmony in China]. Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2006. 392 p.]
11. Si Tszin'pin. O gosudarstvennom upravlenii. Pekin, Izdatel'stvo literatury na inostrannykh yazykakh, 2015. 630 s. [Xí Jìnpíng. O gosudarstvennom upravlenii [On state governance]. Beijing, Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 2015. 630 p.]
12. Shi Chi-yu. China’s Just World: The Morality of Chinese Foreign Policy. Washington DC, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. 246 p.
13. Zhang Baijia. Revolution, Construction and Reform. The Path of the Communist Party of China. Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 2011. 175 p.
14. Tavrovskij Yu.V. Si Tszin'pin: Po stupenyam kitajskoj mechty. Moskva, Ehksmo, 2015. 272 s. [Tavrovskii Yu.V. Xi Jinping: Po stupenyam kitaiskoi mechty [Xi Jinping: Through the stairs of Chinese dream]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2015. 272 p.]
15. Garnaut J. The Rise and Fall of the House of Bo. Melbourne, New York, Toronto, London, Dublin, New Delhi, Johannesburg, Beijing. Penguin Books, 2012. 142 p.
16. 习近平。谈治国理政，北京，外文出版社，2014. 469页 [Xi Jinping. On Governance. Beijing, Waiwen Chubanshe, 2014. 469 p. (In Chin.)]
17. 中国梦与儒家文化，北京，七路出版社， 2014. 297页 [Chinese Dream and the Confucianism. Beijing, Qilu Chubanshe, 2014. 297 p. (In Chin.)]
18. Doklad Si Tszin'pina na 19 s'ezde KPK. [XI Jinping's report at the 19th CPC Congress (In Chin.)] Available at: http://russian.news.cn/2017-11/03/c_136726299.htm  (assessed 15.07.2019).
19. 黄花光，变建章,主编.中共十八大：中国梦与世界., 北京，外文出版社，2013. 427 页 [Huang Huagang, Luan Jianzhi, eds. 18 All-China CPC Congress: Chinese Dream and the World. Beijing, Waiwen Chubanshe, 2013. 427 p. (In Chin.)]
20. 伟大的复兴，新时代中国特色的社会主义总任，北京，人民出版社，2018. 377页 [Great Resurrection. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Epoch. Beijing, Renmin Chubanshe, 2018. 337 p. (In Chin.)]
21. Laurent Clint. Tomorrow’s World. A Look at the Demographic and Socio-Economic Structure of the World in 2030. Singapore, Wiley, 2013. 230 p.
22. Lomanov A.V. Strategiya sozdaniya "moguschestvennogo kul'turnogo gosudarstva" (o reshenii 6-go plenuma TsK KPK 17-go sozyva). Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka, 2012, № 1, cc. 4-16. [Lomanov A.V. Strategiya sozdaniya "mogushchestvennogo kul'turnogo gosudarstva" (o reshenii 6-go plenuma TsKKPK 17-go sozyva) [Strategy of creation of powerful Chinese state. Decisions of the 6th plenum of the CPC]. Far Eastern Affairs, 2012, no. 1, pp. 4-16.]
23. Lin' Ifu, Tsaj Fan, Li Chzhou. Kitajskoe chudo. Strategiya razvitiya i ehkonomicheskaya reforma. Moskva, Institut Dal'nego Vostoka RAN, 2001. 367 c. [Lin' Ifu, Tsai Fan, Li Chzhou. Kitaiskoe chudo. Strategiya razvitiya I ekonomicheskaya reforma [Chinese miracle. Strategy of development and economic reform]. Moscow, Institut Ddal’nego Vostoka RAS, 2001. 367 p.]
24. Golenkova Z.T., otv. red. Sotsial'naya politika v Rossii i Kitae. Moskva, Novyj khronograf, 2016. 527 c. [Golenkova Z.T., ed. Sotsial'naya politika v Rossii i Kitae [Social policy in Russia and China]. Moscow, Novyi khronograf, 2016. 527 p.]
25. Stein Ringen, Kinglun Ngok. What Kind of Welfare State is Emerging in China? United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Working Paper 2013-2, September 2013. 25 p. Available at: http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/ (httpAuxPages)/28BCE0F59BDD3738C1257BE30053EBAC/$file/Ringen%20and%20Ngok.pdf (assessed 15.07.2019).
26. 韩庆祥，黄相怀.中国道路能为世界贡献什么?北京，中国人民出版社，2017. 226 页 [Han Qinxiang, Huang Xianhuai. What is the Imputus of a Chinese Way to the World Experience? Beijing, Zhongguo Renmin Chubanshe, 2017. 226 p. (In Chin.)]
27. 郑永年。中国模式。经验与挑战，北京，重新出版社，2016. 297 页 [Zheng Yongnian. Chinese Model. Experience and Challenge. Beijing, Chongxin Chubanshe, 2016. 297 p. (In Chin.)]
28. 燕继荣。中国治理。东方大国的复兴之道。北京：中国人民大学出版社，2017. 124 页 [Yan Jirong. Chinese Governance. The Way to Resurrection of the Great Eastern State. Beijing, Zhonguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe, 2017. 124 p. (In Chin.)]
29. Bergsten C. Fred. The United States and the World Economy. Foreign Economic Policy for the Next Decade. Washington, DC, Institute of International Economics, 2005. 454 p.
30. 最后的秘密。中共十三届四中全会“六四”结论稳当。香港：新世纪出版社，2019. 362页 [The Last Secret. The Final Documents from the June Forth Crackdown. Hong Kong, New Sentury Press, 2019. 362 p. (In Chin.)]
31. Hu Angang. China in 2020. A New Type of Superpower. Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 2011. 213 p.
32. Kotkin Joel. The Next Hundred Million. America in 2050. Melbourne, New York, Toronto, London, Dublin, New Delhi, Johannesburg, Beijing, Penguin Books, 2010. 308 p.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up