The place and role of Latin American countries in the system of international and regional cybersecurity

 
PIIS0044748X0014088-5-1
DOI10.31857/S0044748X0014088-5
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Saint Petersburg State University
Address: Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Affiliation: Saint Petersburg State University
Address: Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
Journal nameLatin America
EditionIssue 4
Pages69-84
Abstract

The article reveals the policy of Latin American states in the field of cybersecurity. The Latin American countries have contributed to the activities of different fora and the adoption of numerous resolutions at both international and regional organizations. The paper evaluates the impact of Latin American countries (in particular of Argentina, Mexico and Colombia) within the most important UN processes, namely the Group of Governmental Experts and the Open-Ended Working Group. At the regional level, the role of the Organization of American States in terms of introducing of the regional cybersecurity system is revealed. The authors conclude, the position of particular countries of Latin America is markedly different and leans toward the leading states in the field of digitalization, namely the USA, the European Union, Russia, and China. The paper concludes with considerations of how Latin American policies can enhance Russia’s cyber-security agenda.

Keywordscybersecurity, Latin America, UN, Organization of American States, UN GGE, OEWG
Received20.01.2021
Publication date30.03.2021
Number of characters33658
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 727

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Ehffektivnoe obespechenie kiberstabil'nosti. Global'naya komissiya po stabil'nosti kiberprostranstva. Itogovyj doklad. Noyabr' 2019. Available at: https://cyberstability.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GCSC-Advancing-Cyberstability_RU.pdf (accessed: 15.12.2020).

2. National Cybersecurity Strategy, Mexico. Available at: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/399655/ENCS.ENG.final.pdf (accessed: 16.12.2020).

3. National Cyber Security Strategy, Brazil. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIV-IL_03/_Ato2019-2022/2020/Decreto/D10222.htm (accessed: 16.12.2020).

4. Jefatura De Gabinete De Ministros Secretaría De Gobierno De Modernización, Resolución 829/2019, Argentina. Available at: https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/208317/20190528 (accessed: 17.12.2020).

5. Bases Para una Política Nacional de Ciberseguridad, Chile. Available at: https://www.ciberseguridad.gob.cl/media/2015/12/Documento-Bases-Pol%C3%ADtica-Nacional-sobre-Ciberseguridad.pdf (accessed: 17.12.2020).

6. Estrategia Nacional de Ciberseguridad de Costa Rica. Available at: https://www.micit.go.cr/sites/default/files/estrategia-nacional-de-ciberseguridad-costa-rica-19-10-17.pdf (accessed: 18.12.2020).

7. Global Cybersecurity Index. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-GCI.01-2018-PDF-E.pdf (accessed: 18.12.2020).

8. Tsvetkova N., Kheifets V., Sytnik A., Tsvetkov I. Venezuela in U.S. Public Diplomacy, 1950s–2000s: the Cold War, Democratization, and the Digitalization of Politics. Cogent Social Sciences, 2019, vol, 5, N 1, pp. 1–15.

9. Tsvetkova N.A., Kuznetsov N.M. Fenomen diplomatii bol'shikh dannykh v mirovoj politike. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. M., 2020, № 4, cc. 27–44.

10. Kobek L., Caldera E. Cyber Security and Habeas Data: The Latin American Response to Information Security and Data Protection. OASIS–Observatorio de Análisis de Los Sistemas Internacionales, 2016, N 24, pp. 109–128.

11. Rouvinski V. Understanding Russian Priorities in Latin America. Kennan Cable. Washington, D.C. 2017. N 20. Available at: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no20-understanding-russian-priorities-latin-america (accessed: 15.01.2021).

12. Eremin A.A. Organizatsiya amerikanskikh gosudarstv i regional'naya bezopasnost'. M., Aspektpress, 2020.

13. Khejfets V.L., Khadorich L.V. Latinskaya Amerika Mezhdu OAG i SELAK. Mirovaya ehkonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. M., 2015, № 4, ss. 90–100.

14. U.N. Resolution, A/RES/56/19, 2001. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/RES/56/19 (accessed: 15.12.2020).

15. The Report of the General Secretary, A/60/202, 2005. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/60/202 (accessed: 15.12.2020).

16. U.N. General Assembly. Documents. A/54/213, A/55/140 i Corr.1 i Add.1, A/56/164 i Add.1, A/57/166 i Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 i Add.1, A/60/95 i Add.1, A/61/161 i Add.1 i A/62/98 i Add.1. Available at: https://www.un.org/ (accessed: 20.12.2020).

17. U.N. Resolution, A/RES/63/37, 2008. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/RES/63/37 (accessed: 19.12.2020).

18. Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/65/201 (accessed: 15.12.2020).

19. U.N. Resolution, A/RES/65/41, 2010. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/RES/65/41 (accessed: 14.12.2020).

20. Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/68/98 (accessed: 14.12.2020).

21. Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/70/174 (accessed: 16.12.2020).

22. Gosudarstvam zagruzili mirnuyu programmu: 20 stran zalozhili osnovu dlya global'nogo pakta ob ehlektronnom nenapadenii. Kommersant, 18 avgusta 2015. Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2790215 (accessed: 25.12.2020).

23. The Report of the General Secretary, A/72/327, 2017. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/72/327 (accessed: 19.12.2020).

24. 71 UNGA: Cuba at the Final Session of Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, 23 June, 2017. Available at: http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/ en/un/statements/71-unga-cuba-final-session-group-governmental-experts-developments-field-information (accessed: 15.12.2020).

25. Tsvetkova N.A. Dealing with a Resurgent Russia: Engagement and Deterrence in U.S. International Broadcasting, 2013–2019. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2019, vol. 12, N 4, pp. 435–449.

26. Segal A. The Development of Cyber Norms at the United Nations Ends in Deadlock. Now What? Council on Foreign Relations, June 29, 2017. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/blog/development-cyber-norms-united-nations-ends-deadlock-now-what (accessed: 25.12.2020).

27. «Infoforum-2018»: rossijskie initsiativy v formirovanii sistemy mezhdunarodnoj informatsionnoj bezopasnosti. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn'. M., 15 fevralya, 2018. Available at: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/19338 (accessed: 15.12.2020).

28. U.N. Resolution, A/RES/73/27 2018. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/73/27 (accessed: 14.12.2020).

29. Stadnik I. Rossiya i SShA: dva raznykh vzglyada na kiberbezopasnost'. Rossijskij sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam, 13 noyabrya, 2018. Available at: http://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/rossiya-i-ssha-dva-raznykh-vzglyada-na-kiberbezopasnost/ (accessed: 15.12.2020).

30. Tsvetkova N. Russian Digital Diplomacy: A Rising Cyber Soft Power. Russia’s Public Diplomacy: Evolution and Practice. Velikaya, A. and Simons G. (Eds.). London - New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp. 103–117.

31. Countering the Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Criminal purposes, Belarus, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Russian Federation and others: Draft Resolution, 2019. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N19/313/33/PDF/N193 1333.pdf?OpenElement (accessed: 19.12.2020).

32. Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, 2020. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3896180?ln=en (accessed: 27.12.2020).

33. Towards a Secure Cyberspace via Regional Cooperation. DiploFoundation, 2017. Available at: https://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/Diplo-Towards_a_secure_cyberspace-GGE.pdf (accessed: 27.12.2020).

34. Nelina O.V. OAG v protivodejstvii terroristicheskoj ugroze: latinoamerikanskie al'ternativy. Latinskaya Amerika, M., 2009, № 9, ss. 38–44.

35. Horwitz B. The Transformation of the Organization of American States: A Multilateral Framework for Regional Governance. L., N.Y., Anthem Press, 2010.

36. Cybersecurity: Are We Ready in Latin America and the Caribbean? Inter-American Development Bank Publications, 2016. Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Cybersecurity-Are-We-Ready-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf (accessed: 30.12.2020).

37. Adoption of a Comprehensive Inter-American Strategy to Combat Threats to Cybersecurity: A Multidimensional and Multidisciplinary Approach to Creating a Culture of Cybersecurity. Organization of American States. Available at: http://www.oas.org/en/citel/infocitel/julio-04/ult-ciberseguridad_i.asp (accessed: 30.12.2020).

38. Declaration on Strengthening Cyber-Security in the Americas. Approved at the Fourth Plenary Session held on March 7, 2012. Organization of American States. Available at: http://www.cicte.oas.org/rev/en/Documents/Declarations/DEC%201%20rev%201%20DECLARATION%20CICTE00749E04.pdf (accessed: 31.12.2020).

39. Comprehensive Inter-American Cybersecurity Strategy to Combat Threats to Cybersecurity: A Multidimensional and Multidisciplinary Approach to Creating a Culture of Cybersecurity. Organization of American States. Available at: http://www.oas.org/XXXIVGA/english/ (accessed: 31.12.2020); docs/approved_documents/adoption_strategy_combat_threats_cybersecurity.htm (accessed: 31.12.2020).

40. Strengthening Cyber-Security in the Americas. Declaration. Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism. Available at http://www.state.gov/p/wha/ rls/221498.htm (accessed: 31.12.2020).

41. Strengthening Hemispheric Cooperation and Development in Cybersecurity and Fighting Terrorism in the Americas. Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism. Available at http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/259346.htm (accessed: 01.01.2021).

42. Working Group on Cooperation and CBMs in Cyberspace was established by CICTE through Resolution, CICTE/RES.1/17 on April 7, 2017. Organization of American States. Available at: https://www.oas.org/en/sms/cicte/session_2017.asp (accessed: 01.01.2021).

43. Regional Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) to Promote Cooperation and Trust in Cyberspace, CICTE/RES. Organization of American States. Available at: https://www.oas.org/en/sms/cicte/session_2019.asp (accessed: 01.01.2021).

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up