Translation Officials of the Posolsky Prikaz in the Second Half of the 16th Century: Responsibilities, Personnel and Diplomatic Directions

The expansion of the Russian state and the increase of the foreign contacts led to growth in the number of language specialists. As a rule, interpreters performed simultaneously a number of functions and worked in more than one diplomatic direction, which makes it difficult to reconstruct a personal staffs of translation officials. The functions of the officials in the Eastern and Western directions differed. The Tatar direction assumed the constant participation of interpreters in various missions from secret embassy and messenger missions to meeting, appeasing and escorting foreigners to the market places. In contradiction to a full-fledged agent of the Posolsky Prikaz in relations with the Nogai Horde and the Crimea, a connoisseur of the European languages focuses on translation. At the same time, in each European direction, separately, at any given period of the 16th century there were rarely more interpreters and translators than 2—3 persons, in contrast to the Crimean-Nogai areas, where from ca. 1560s at least 5 people are registered at the same time. The exception are the German agents of Ivan IV in the 1560s and early 1570s (in some years there are up to 10 persons). Teaching European languages was in demand for the reason that there were no Latin, Swedish, German, Polish, English translators in the nearest access in Moscow. In this regard, the Greek-Turkish staff from the 1550s resembles European directions than Eastern ones. Ivan the Terrible covers the costs for the growing number of Greek interpreters and translators and goes into conflict with Sweden in order to train its experts in the Swedish language. In all major directions, it is possible to establish pleiades and clans of interpreters and translators, and in the Polish-Lithuanian direction it seems more likely that the experts in the Russian (Ruthenian) language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of Poland were drawn from the ranks of the local and Moscow nobility.

Keywords

posolsky prikaz, interpreters, translators, Muscovite tsardom, language competencies, diplomatic service

Received

08.07.2022

Publication date

17.10.2022

Number of characters

122506

Cite

GOST	Erusalimskiy K. Translation Officials of the Posolsky Prikaz in the Second Half of the 16th Century: Responsibilities, Personnel and Diplomatic Directions // ISTORIYA – 2022. – V. 13. – Issue 8 (118) [Electronic resource]. URL: https://history.jes.su/S207987840022599-7-1 (circulation date: 25.04.2025). DOI: 10.18254/S207987840022599-7
MLA	Erusalimskiy, Konstantin "Translation Officials of the Posolsky Prikaz in the Second Half of the 16th Century: Responsibilities, Personnel and Diplomatic Directions." ISTORIYA 13.8 (118) (2022) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840022599-7
APA	Erusalimskiy K. (2022). Translation Officials of the Posolsky Prikaz in the Second Half of the 16th Century: Responsibilities, Personnel and Diplomatic Directions. ISTORIYA 13(8 (118)) DOI: 10.18254/S207987840022599-7

100 rub.

When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 267

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Antonov A. V. O proiskhozhdenii yunoshej, poslannykh na uchebu v Angliyu v 1602 g. // Sbornik statej, posvyaschennykh Yuriyu Dmitrievichu Rykovu (1946—2020) / otv. sost. Deduk A. V. M., 2021. S. 243—253.

2. Belyaev L. A. Russkoe srednevekovoe nadgrobie. Belokamennye plity Moskvy i Severo-Vostochnoj Rusi XIII—XVII vv. M., 1996.

3. Belyakov A. V., Gus'kov A. G., Lisejtsev D. V., Shamin S. M. Perevodchiki Posol'skogo prikaza v XVII v.: materialy k slovaryu / nauch. red. Romanova A. A. M., 2021.

4. Buganov V. I., Rogozhin N. M. Kratkij Moskovskij letopisets nachala XVII v. iz g. Galle (Germaniya) // Arkhiv russkoj istorii. M., 2007. Vyp. 8. S. 519—573.

5. Vinogradov A. V. «Moskovskaya partiya» v Krymu v 70—90-kh gg. XVI v. // Mininskie chteniya 2008. Trudy uchastnikov Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii. Nizhegorodskij gosudarstvennyj universitet im. N. I. Lobachevskogo (24—25 oktyabrya 2008 g.). Nizhnij Novgorod, 2010. S. 403—416.

6. Vinogradov A. V. Diplomaticheskaya deyatel'nost' Bogdana Bel'skogo v 90-e gg. XVI v. // Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo. 2017. № 2. S. 32—45.

7. Vinogradov A. V. Russko-krymskie otnosheniya 1591—1593 gg.: ot konfrontatsii k poiskam mirnykh reshenij // Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosudarstva. 2014. № 6. S. 18—50.

8. Vinogradov A. V. Sluzhilye tatary Posol'skogo prikaza v osuschestvlenii diplomaticheskikh svyazej Russkogo gosudarstva i Krymskogo khanstva 60—90-kh gg. XVI v. // Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosudarstva. Kazan', 2016. № 8. S. 84—91.

9. Gralya I. Ivan Mikhajlov Viskovatyj: Kar'era gosudarstvennogo deyatelya v Rossii XVI v. / per. s pol'sk. Len'shina L. I. M., 1994.

10. Demkova N. S. Gramoty Ivana Groznogo shvedskim korolyam Ehriku XIV i Iogannu III. Po rukopisyam Shvedskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhiva // Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoj literatury. SPb., 1996. T. 50. S. 488—500.

11. Erusalimskij K. Yu. Na sluzhbe korolya i Rechi Pospolitoj. M.; SPb., 2018.

12. Erusalimskij K. Yu., Shvarts I. Missiya Zhdana Kvashnina v Svyaschennoj Rimskoj imperii: K istorii rossijsko-imperskikh otnoshenij XVI v. // SSBP. 2018. № 1 (23). S. 21—54.

13. Zverev S. V. Novye materialy o russkikh studentakh v Lyubeke v nachale XVII v. // Inozemtsy v Rossii v XV—XVII vv. Sbornik materialov konferentsij 2002—2004 gg. M., 2006. S. 260—269.

14. Isachenko T. A. Yavlyaetsya li Khar'kovskij spisok Travnika 1534 g. avtografom perevoda Nikolaya Byulova? // DRVM. 2009. № 2 (36). S. 97—109.

15. Kovalenko G. M. Novgorodskie perevodchiki XVII v. // Novgorodskij istoricheskij sbornik. SPb., 1999. Vyp. 7 (17). S. 123—129.

16. Komissarenko A. I., Moiseev M. V. Astrakhanskoe khanstvo po dokumentam nogajskoj posol'skoj knigi za 1551—1556 gg. // Istoricheskij arkhiv. 2004. № 2. S. 199—209.

17. Krom M. M. Sud'ba avantyurista: Knyaz' Semen Fedorovich Bel'skij // Ocherki feodal'noj Rossii. M., 2000. Vyp. 4. S. 98—115.

18. Lisejtsev D. V. Posol'skij prikaz v ehpokhu Smuty. M., 2003.

19. Lisejtsev D. V., Rogozhin N. M., Ehskin Yu. M. Prikazy Moskovskogo gosudarstva XVI—XVII vv.: Slovar'-spravochnik. M.; SPb., 2015.

20. Lobin A. M. «Voinskie knigi» 1607—1620 gg.: opyt zaimstvovaniya evropejskoj voenno-teoreticheskoj nauki // Trudy istoricheskogo fakul'teta Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. 2012. № 10. S. 163—168.

21. Lund K.-Kh., Ivanova O. V. Khenrik Olufsen — datskij perevodchik XVI v. // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 9. Filologiya. 2012. № 5. S. 88—111.

22. Maazing M. «Russkaya opasnost'» v pis'makh Rizhskogo arkhiepiskopa Vil'gel'ma za 1530—1550 gg. // Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2010. № 1 (7). S. 184—194.

23. Malygina A. A. Robert Behst, Genri Lehjn, Dehniehl Sil'vestr: anglijskie «torgovye muzhiki» na sluzhbe diplomatii // Vspomogatel'nye istoricheskie distsipliny v sovremennom nauchnom znanii. Materialy XXXVI Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem. Moskva, 7—8 aprelya 2022 g. / otv. red. Konovalova I. G., Pchelov E. V. M., 2022. S. 170—172.

24. Mozer M. Chto takoe prostaya mova? // Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2002. Vol. 47. 3. No. 4. S. 221—260.

25. Moiseev M. V. Azov (Azak) v 1570 g. v donesenii russkogo poslannika Ivana Novosil'tseva // Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosudarstva. Kazan', 2019. Vyp. 11. S. 60—66.

26. Moiseev M. V. Perevodchiki i tolmachi s vostochnykh yazykov v Moskovskom gosudarstve: konets XV—XVI v. // Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obschestva: istoriya i sovremennost'. 2021. № 4. S. 72—82.

27. Moiseev M. V. Sluzhilye tatary — gontsy Posol'skogo prikaza XVI v. Materialy dlya biograficheskogo slovarya // Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosudarstva. Kazan', 2016. № 8. S. 175—181.

28. Morozov B. N. Travnik iz postel'noj kazny Ivana Groznogo? Khar'kovskaya rukopis' 1534 g. — novyj pamyatnik knizhnoj masterskoj mitropolita Daniila. Pervye itogi izucheniya // AE za 2003 g. M., 2004. S. 73—85.

29. Nazarenko A. V., Khoroshkevich A. L. Neizvestnoe poslanie Mikhaila Glinskogo // Vostochnaya Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekov'e. Spornye problemy istorii. Chteniya pamyati chlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR V. T. Pashuto. Moskva, 12—14 aprelya 1993 g. Tezisy dokladov. M., 1993. S. 115—122.

30. Oborneva Z. E. Grecheskie perevodchiki v snosheniyakh Rossii s Gruziej: 1613—1645 gg. // Ivane Janakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Faculty of Humanities. Institute of Georgian History. Proceedings. XV. Tbilisi, 2019. P. 258—271.

31. Oborneva Z. E. Dokumenty RGADA o snosheniyakh Moskovskogo gosudarstva i Kakhetinskogo tsarstva na grecheskom yazyke i ikh perevodchikakh (pervaya polovina XVII v.) // Otechestvennye arkhivy. 2017. № 5. S. 18—24.

32. Oborneva Z. E. Perevodchiki s grecheskogo yazyka Posol'skogo prikaza (1613—1645 gg.). / otv. red. Fonkich B. L. M., 2020.

33. Polekhov S. V. Moskovskie avtografy knyazya Mikhaila Glinskogo v Rige // DRVM. 2020. № 3 (81). S. 13—31.

34. Rogozhin N. M. U gosudarevykh del byt' ukazano... M., 2002.

35. Romodanovskaya V. A. Novaya kniga o «Russkom Donate» // Russkij yazyk v nauchnom osveschenii. 2004. № 2 (8). S. 268—274.

36. Rusakovskij O. V. «Voinskie knigi» 1607 / 1620 gg. i ikh nemetskij original. Popytka sopostavleniya // DRVM. 2018. № 3 (73). S. 53—63.

37. Selin A. A. Stolbovskij mir 1617 g. SPb., 2019.

38. Sulyak S. G. O yazyke slavyano-moldavskikh gramot XIV—XVII vv.: (k istoriografii voprosa) // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya. 2016. № 4 (42). S. 73—97.

39. Trepavlov V. V. Istoriya Nogajskoj Ordy. M., 2020.

40. Turilov A. A. Vlasij // Pravoslavnaya ehntsiklopediya. M., 2005. T. 9. S. 107—108.

41. Usachev A. S. Knigopisanie v Rossii XVI v.: po materialam datirovannykh vykhodnykh zapisej. M.; SPb., 2018. T. 1—2.

42. Frechner R. Novye istochniki o missii G. Shlitte // Reprezentatsiya vlasti v posol'skom tseremoniale i diplomaticheskij dialog v XV v. — pervoj treti XVIII v. M., 2006. S. 144—146.

43. Khoroshkevich A. L. Rossiya v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij serediny XVI v. M., 2003.

44. Chepel' A. I. Perevodchik «khud gramote» i «perevodil nespravchivo»: trudnosti perevoda v shvedsko-russkom prigranich'e posle Stolbovskogo mira // Skandinavskie chteniya 2010 g.: ehtnograficheskij i kul'turno-istoricheskij aspekty / otv. red. Shrader T. A. SPb., 2012. S. 111—121.

45. Yuzefovich L. A. Put' posla: Russkij posol'skij obychaj. Obikhod. Ehtiket. Tseremonial. Konets XV v. — pervaya polovina XVII v. SPb., 2011.

46. Angermann N. Deutsche Übersetzer und Dolmetscher im vorpetrinischen Rußland // Zwischen Christianisierung und Europäisierung: Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit: Festschrift für Peter Nitsche zum 65. Geburtstag / hrsg. Hübner E., Kusber J., Klug E. Stuttgart, 1998. S. 221—250.

47. Angermann N. Studien zur Livlandpolitik Ivan Groznyjs. Marburg; Lahn, 1972.

48. Benoit A. Johann Taube and Elert Kruse: A Broken Window on Ivan IV’s Oprichnina // Canadian and American Slavic Studies. 2020. Vol. 54. P. 329—386.

49. Diestelkamp B. Eine versuchte Annäherung Zar Iwans IV, des Schrecklichen, an den Westen. Ein Reichskammergerichtsprozeß, der dies nahelegt // Reich, Regionen und Europa in Mittelalter un Neuzeit. Festschrift für Peter Moraw / hrsg. Hedinig von P.-J. et al. B., 2000. S. 305—322.

50. Grala H. Łacina jako język dyplomacji: casus wczesnonowożytnej Moskwy // Łacina jako język elit / red. nauk. Axer J. Warszawa, 2004. S. 121—130.

51. Grala H. Wokół dzieła i osoby Alberta Schlichtinga. (Przyczynek do dziejów propagandy antymoskiewskiej w drugiej połowie XVI w.) // Studia Źródłoznawcze. 2000. T. 38. S. 35—52.

52. Kivimäe J. Petr Frjazin or Peter Hannibal? An Italian Architect in Late Medieval Russia and Livonia // FOG. B.; Wiesbaden, 1996. P. 21—28.

53. Madariaga I. de. Ivan the Terrible. First Tsar of Russia. New Haven; L.: Yale University Press, 2005.

54. Maier I. Foreign Language Specialists in Muscovite Russia (16th and Early 17th Century) // Slavica Helsingiensia 35: S lyubov'yu k slovu: Festschrift für Arto Mustajoki. Helsinki, 2008. P. 191—206.

55. Maier I., Droste H. Från Boris Godunov till Gustav II Adolf: översättaren Hans Flörich i tsarens och svenska kronans tjänst // Journal of Slavic Languages and Literatures. 2010. Vol. 50. P. 47—66.

56. Tarkiainen K. Rysstolkarna som yrkeskår 1595—1661 // Historisk tidskrift. 1972. No. 4. S. 490—521.