On the Origin of Ethnonym Rus’ and of the Rurikid Lineage: A Look at the Slavo-Finno- Scandinavian Frontier of the 9th–11th Centuries AD from the Point of View of Kinship Studies [O proiskhozhdenii etnonima rus’ i roda Riurikovichei: vzgliad na slaviano-finno-skandinavskoe kul’turnoe pogranich’e IX–XI vv. s pozitsii antropologii rodstva]

 
PIIS086954150016700-0-1
DOI10.31857/S086954150016700-0
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation:
Address: USA, New York
Journal nameEtnograficheskoe obozrenie
Edition№4
Pages80-99
Abstract

The article looks at the North-East European cultural borderlands in the 9th–11th centuries from the point of view of kinship studies. The author proposes a new etymology of the ethnonym Rus’ which he derives from the Old Russian kinship term *rodičь (“kinsman, relative”). Originally the ethnonym Rus’ was a calque of the self-name of the Swedes, reshaped under the influence of Finno-Ugric languages. The transformation of a kinship term into an ethnonym took place during the evolution of the East Slavic social organization towards new ethnic-state formations associated with the ascension to power of new clans and the development of a linear system of inheritance of princely power. Modern and paleogenomic Y-DNA data from Swedes, Slavs, Balts and Rurikids are used to reconstruct the specifics of interaction between clan structures, molecular lineages and anthroponyms in the context of the North-East European cultural borderlands. The article demonstrates ways of integrating the best elements of Normanist and anti-Normanist thinking in Russian and foreign historiography into a single paradigm for solving the “Varangian problem”.

Keywordsethnonyms, kinship studies, etymology, Eastern Slavs, Normans, politogenesis, Rurikids, Y-DNA, ethnogenesis
Publication date28.09.2021
Number of characters46270
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1

Памяти Льва Самуиловича Клейна

2 О новом этапе “варяжских споров в российской исторической науке
3 В своей книге “Спор о варягах” Л.С. Клейн красноречиво описал трехсотлетнюю историю академических дискуссий по поводу происхождения этнонима русь, Русского государства и его первой династии – Рюриковичей. Каждый век этой истории характеризовался своим публичным поединком между лидерами норманского и антинорманского течений в российской историографии: XVIII в. был отмечен “схваткой” Г.Ф. Миллера и М.В. Ломоносова, в середине ХIX в. петербуржцы рвались посмотреть диспут между М.П. Погодиным и Н.И. Костомаровым, в XX в. эти дискуссии продолжились. Так, сам Л.С. Клейн участвовал в подобных спорах дважды: в 1965 г., когда его оппонентом был И.П. Шаскольский, и в 2010–2015 гг., когда сначала В.В. Фомин резко отозвался о работах Л.С. Клейна (Фомин 2013), а затем Л.С. Клейн с коллегами на сайте “Троицкий мост” выступили с масштабным опровержением исследований, критикой публикаций и коммерческой деятельности биохимика и историка-любителя А.А. Клёсова и его “Академии ДНК-генеалогии” (Клейн 2015).
4 В короткой статье невозможно ни отразить все богатство документальных данных, ни отдать должное всей необозримой литературе по “варяжскому вопросу”, накопившихся за 300 лет. Цель настоящей публикации – вызволить проблему происхождения термина русь, российской государственности и династии Рюриковичей из пут идеологических распрей, вычленить рациональное зерно и точки соприкосновения в исследованиях норманистов и ненорманистов и взглянуть на эту проблему с позиций современной антропологии родства (kinship studies).
5 В антропологии родства переплетаются этимологические, этнолингвистические, социально-политические, историко-генеалогические и популяционно-генетические аспекты (см.: Дзибель 2001; Dziebel 2007). Подлинно научное решение затрагиваемых в этой статье вопросов подразумевает междисциплинарность подхода, гетерогенность предмета исследования и относительную автономию двух точек зрения. Методологически недопустимо сведение происхождения древнего имени к этническому происхождению его носителя (ср.: Успенский 2002б: 49; Грот 2013: 207), языка – к биологической популяции, социальной категории рода и семьи – к генеалогическому родству (ср.: Попов 1991), этнического родства – к молекулярным линиджам членов этноса (ср.: Клейн 2015–2016).
6 Взаимная несводимoсть понятий, описывающих раннюю историю Руси, создает эффект эпистемиологического пограничья, при котором абсолютные категории одной дисциплины соседствуют с категориями других дисциплин и влияют на них. Осознание реальности и важности такого пограничья особенно актуально для антропологических исследований древней истории регионов, развивавшихся на стыке нескольких культурных традиций и генетических популяций. В статье показывается, что происхождение этнонима русь, российской государственности и династии Рюриковичей необходимо рассматривать в контексте многовековых контактов между восточнославянскими, германскими, балтийскими и финно-угорскими племенами.

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