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Number of Siblings, Birth Order and Their Impacts on Individual Cooperativeness in Adulthood: An Experimental Study among Buryats of Eastern Siberia
 
PIIS086954150012356-1-1
DOI10.31857/S086954150012356-1
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Victoria Rostovtseva 
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Marina L. Butovskaya
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Anna Mezentseva
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Nadezhda Dashieva
Affiliation: East-Siberian State Institute of Culture (VSGIK)
Address: 1 Tereshkova Str., Ulan-Ude, 670031, Russia
Journal nameEtnograficheskoe obozrenie
Edition№5
Pages162-184
Abstract

In the current study, we have investigated individual cooperativeness and its association with parameters of the family composition among Buryats of Eastern Siberia. The experimental design was based on economic games (“Public Goods Game”, “Prisoner’s Dilemma”), which allowed quantitative assessment of individual cooperativeness. The results have shown that Buryat men originating from larger families (≥ 4 children in a family) were more cooperative in group interactions, whereas men that were the single child in a family demonstrated self-oriented behavior. Among females, cooperative behavior was principally influenced by the position among the siblings: Buryat women who were the first child in a family (elder sisters) were the less cooperative ones. The outcome of the study demonstrates that socialization within the family has a significant impact on formation of individual and sex-specific differences in pro-social attitudes in adult ages.

Keywordscooperation, altruism, children, family, siblings, Buryats, Public Goods Game, Prisoner’s Dilemma, social evolution, economic games
AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by the following institutions and grants: Russian Science Foundation, https://doi.org/10.13039/501100006769 [grant no. 18-18-00075]
Publication date28.12.2020
Number of characters43037
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1 Социальность является неотъемлемой характеристикой Homo sapiens. Несмотря на то что человек признан “гиперкооперативным” видом, на сегодняшний день известно об индивидуальных различиях людей в склонности к просоциальному поведению (Ростовцева, Бутовская 2018; Peysakhovich et al. 2014; Volk et al. 2012; Yamagishi et al. 2013). Это означает, что, в общем, одни люди более склонны вести себя просоциально и альтруистично, в то время как другие проявляют склонность к эгоистичному поведению. При этом индивидуальные предрасположенности характеризуются значительной стабильностью (особенно во взрослом возрасте), т.е. с большой долей вероятности проявляются в различных ситуациях на протяжении продолжительных жизненных периодов человека. Основные естественные стратегии кооперативного поведения, выделяемые многими исследователями, включают альтруистичное поведение (т.е. безвозмездную кооперацию), условную кооперацию (напр., взаимную), а также эгоизм. К эгоизму относят и применение стратегии обмана, и непосредственно эгоистичную стратегию, т.е. нежелание делиться, помогать, вступать в кооперативные отношения (Ростовцева, Бутовская 2017; Fischbacher et al. 2001; Kurzban, Houser 2005; Fischbacher et al. 2012). Множество антропологических исследований, проводившихся в различных странах как в современных доиндустриальных обществах (Henrich et al. 2004, 2005; Soler 2012; Gerkey et al. 2013; Ensminger, Henrich 2014; Thomas et al. 2016; Butovskaya et al. 2020), так и в обществах с высоким уровнем индустриализации и урбанизации (см. обзоры: Balliet et al. 2011; Dorrough, Glöckner 2019), показывают, что во всех без исключения культурах сосуществуют просоциальные и эгоистичные стратегии поведения человека.
2 Индивидуальные различия в поведении формируются у человека под действием множества социальных, культурных и биологических факторов. Исследование особенностей просоциального поведения, а также причин наблюдаемых индивидуальных различий представляют большую ценность для понимания механизмов функционирования социальной системы человека и эволюции социальности как таковой (Кропоткин 1907; Ростовцева 2015, 2016; Эфроимсон 1971; Nowak 2006; Silk, Boyd 2010; Jaeggi, Gurven 2013).
3 Окружающая среда влияет на формирование личности и поведенческих предрасположенностей на всех стадиях индивидуального развития, но особое место в этом процессе занимает период детства. Это связано с тем, что наиболее прочные базовые нейронные связи в мозгу образуются на ранних этапах жизни, и далее на всем ее протяжении прочность таких связей обеспечивает сохранность приобретенного опыта (Yang et al. 2009). Такие “знания” составляют, подчас неосознанный, каркас человеческой личности. Интересно, что предрасположенность к реакции на какую-либо информацию и ее запоминание в раннем возрасте задаются уже существующими к моменту рождения структурами мозга (нейронными паттернами), которые, наряду с набором физиологических особенностей, определяются генетическими и пренатальными факторами (Марков 2011: 89–100; Robinson, Smotherman 1991). Таким образом, формирование базовых индивидуальных предрасположенностей к определенному поведению – это результат сложного процесса взаимодействия генов и окружающей среды.

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