All
 
|
 
 


The Myth of the World Tree in the Shamanism of Siberian Peoples. Comments: Funk, D. A. In Search of the World Tree: Some Thoughts on What, Where, and How We Search [V poiskakh Mirovogo dreva: razmyshleniia o tom, chto, gde i kak my ishchem]; Batyanova, E. P. Trees, Shamans, and Other Worlds [Derev’ia, shamany i inye miry]; Dybo, A. V. The World Tree: Data from Siberian Languages [Mirovoe drevo: dannye sibirskikh yazykov]; Bulgakova, T. D. The “World Tree” in the Shamanic Image of the World among the Nanai [“Mirovoe drevo” v shamanskoi kartine mira nanaitsev]; Burykin, A. A. The “Shamanic Theater” and Its Attributes [“Shamanskii teatr” i ego atributy]; Balalaeva, O. E., and N. V. Pluzhnikov. Response to Commenters: Thinking about the Use of Discussions (One of the Keys) [Otvet opponentam: razmyshleniia o pol’ze diskussii (odin iz kliuchei)]
 
PIIS086954150005293-2-1
DOI10.31857/S086954150005293-2
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Olga E. Balalaeva 
Affiliation: independent researcher
Address: Moscow, Russia
Nikolai V. Pluzhnikov
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Dmitriy А. Funk
Occupation: Head of the Department of Ethnology, Faculty of History
Affiliation: Lomonosov Moscow State University
Address: Russian Federation
Elena Batyanova
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt
Anna V. Dybo
Affiliation: The Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 1/1 Bolshoi Kislovsky lane, Moscow, 125009, Russia
Tatiana D. Bulgakova
Affiliation: Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia
Address: 48 Moyka Embankment (Naberezhnaya r. Moyki), St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia
Alexey A. Burykin
Affiliation: Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 9 Tuchkov pereulok, St. Petersburg, 199053, Russia
Journal nameEtnograficheskoe obozrenie
Edition№3
Pages80-122
Abstract

In both academic and popular literature, the mythological motif of the world tree is usually taken to reflect the spatial structure of the universe, with typical upper and lower worlds, characteristic of the shamanic worldview. We argue that the scrupulous examination of Siberian shamanic cultures where the image of the world tree has been observed proves that the image in fact does not fully correspond to the concept of axis mundi running through and connecting the upper, middle, and lower worlds. The actual reasons for the appearance of the world tree image in these shamanic cultures might have been related to particular social and economic developments in the mediaeval history of peoples of Southern Siberia and Central/Eastern Asia. In search of answers, we have surveyed an array of works on Siberian shamanism, and have studied ritual texts, shamans’ interpretations, and material culture objects of ritual significance. The study has further pointed to the presence of two distinctive cultural veins of shamanic practice in Siberia — the Turk and the Tungus ones — in which the image of the world tree, as featured in ritual contexts, appears loaded with different meanings.

KeywordsWorld Tree, shamanism, Selkup, Evenki, rituals of affliction, calendar celebrations, tambourine
AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by the following institutions and grants: Russian Foundation for Basic Research, https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002261 [№ 18-09-00744]
Publication date16.06.2019
Number of characters114875
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной

Table of contents

Миф о Мировом древе в шаманстве народов Сибири
* * *
В поисках мирового древа: размышления о том, что, где и как мы ищем
Деревья, шаманы и иные миры
Мировое древо и данные сибирских языков
“Мировое древо” в шаманской картине мира нанайцев
“Шаманский театр” и его атрибуты
Ответ оппонентам: размышления о пользе дискуссий (один из ключей)
1

Миф о Мировом древе в шаманстве народов Сибири
2

В этой работе рассматривается одна из универсальных мифологем, встречающаяся во многих традиционных культурах народов Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Это Мировое древо — образ, воплощающий универсальную концепцию мира, который соединяет все сферы мироздания и поэтому существует в “метафизическом” центре (Топоров 1980: 398–405). Шаманство на территории Сибири и Дальнего Востока в настоящее время перестало быть традиционным. То есть навык, необходимый для этой специфической “профессии”, как правило, уже не передается от предыдущих поколений. В рассматриваемом регионе материал по традиционному шаманству со- бран громадный, и его широкомасштабный типологический анализ может суще- ственно изменить наши представления о магическом и религиозном в традиционной этнической культуре.
3

При анализе содержимого религиозно-магической сферы стоит помнить, что она имеет прагматическую направленность в отличие, к примеру, от повествова- тельных жанров фольклора — сказки и героического эпоса, где тоже встречается образ Мирового древа. Однако обрядовая сторона культуры может не зависеть от географической среды. И тут важно не забывать о том, что в таежной и тундровой зоне у большинства современных народов Сибири и Дальнего Востока среди предков имеются многочисленные переселенцы из Южной Сибири, Центральной и Восточной Азии, которые, неизбежно влияя на традиционную культуру местного населения, на своей родине могли быть членами сообщества с более высокими тех- нологическими навыками и социально развернутыми религиозно-магическими институтами.
4

Любая картина мира не существует абстрактно, а воплощает в себе массу личных трактовок по поводу тех или иных явлений, а также ритуалов, с ними связанных. Если территория этнической культуры обширна, то ритуальная жизнь может разнообразно варьироваться от места к месту. Как и в живом языке с его диалектами, эти ритуальные формы могут быть равнозначными версиями, которые далеко не всегда удается убедительно объяснить. Нас также интересуют аборигенные трактовки, раскрывающие их смысл. И сами формы, и их местные интерпретации требуют комментария. Один из возможных подходов к материалу по мировоззрению — функциональный, но он не всегда срабатывает, когда явление (представление) находится в состоянии деградации, т.е. сохраняется в качестве невнятного пережитка. Поэтому в дополнение к функциональному мы использовали типологический подход, кото- рый может помочь с изысканием подходящих объяснений, но сам по себе не пред- лагает объяснения, ограничиваясь поисками сходства по форме.
5 Шаманская картина мира отличается меньшей умозрительностью, она похожа на скорректированную на основании личного и при этом весьма специфического эмпирического опыта традиционную картину мира. Кроме того, шаманов могут не интересовать вопросы мироздания, их занимают больше собственные возможно- сти. Несмотря на отдельные детали, сибирские аборигены объясняют себе окружающий мир более-менее схожим образом. Иначе шаманский опыт не распространял- ся бы между разными по языку и происхождению этническими группами.

Number of purchasers: 7, views: 4347

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Alekseenko, E.A. 1981. Shamanstvo u ketov [Shamanhood among the Kets]. In Problemy istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniya aborigenov Sibiri [Problems in the History of Social Consciousness of the Aborigines of Siberia], edited by I.S. Vdovin, 90–128. Leningrad: Nauka.
2. Alekseev, N.A. 1975. Traditsionnye religioznye verovaniya yakutov v XIX — nachale XX v [Traditional Religious Beliefs of the Yakuts in the 19th — Early 20th Century]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
3. Alekseev, N.A. 1984. Shamanizm tyurkoyazychnykh narodov Sibiri [Shamanism of the Turkic Peoples of Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
4. Anisimov, A.F. 1951. Shamanskie dukhi po vozzreniyam evenkov i totemicheskie istoki ideologii shamanstva [The Shamanic Spirits in the Beliefs of the Evenks and the Totemic Roots of the Ideology of Shamanism]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 13: 187–215.
5. Anisimov, A.F. 1958. Religiya evenkov v istoriko-geneticheskom izuchenii i problemy proiskhozhdeniya pervobytnykh verovanii [Religion of the Evenks in Historical and Genetic Study and Problems of the Origin of Primitive Beliefs]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AS UdSSR.
6. Anokhin, A.V. 1924. Materialy po shamanstvu u altaitsev, sobrannye vo vremia puteshestvii po Altaiu v 1910–1912 gg. po porucheniiu Russkogo Komiteta dlia izucheniia Srednei i Vostochnoi Azii [Materials on Shamanism among the Altai Peoples Collected During Travelling across Altai in 1910–1912 by Order of the Russian Committee for the Study of Middle and East Asia]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 4 (2).
7. Anuchin, V.I. 1914. Ocherk shamanstva u eniseiskikh ostiakov [Essay of Shamanism in the Yenisei Ostyaks]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 2 (2).
8. Atkinson, J.M. 1992. Shamanisms Today. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 307–330.
9. Basilov, V.N. 1984. Izbranniki dukhov [Chosen Spirits]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury.
10. Batyanova, E.P. 1995. Teleuty rasskazyvaiut o shamanakh [The Teleuts Talk about the Shamans]. In Shamanizm i rannie religioznye predstavleniia. K 90-letiiu doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professora L.P. Potapova [Shamanism and Early Religious Ideas: Collection for the 90th Anniversary of L.P. Potapov], edited by D.A. Funk, 48–62. Moscow: IEA RAN.
11. Batyanova, E.P. 2005. K portretam sibirskikh shamanov [To Portraits of Siberian Shamans]. In Polevye issledovaniia Instituta etnologii i antropologii RAN [Field Studies of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology], edited by Z.P. Sokolova, 150–165. Moscow: IEA RAN.
12. Berezkin, Y.E. 2012. Mifologicheskie derev’ya v lesu kul’tury [Mythological Trees in the Forest of Culture]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 6: 3–18.
13. Bogoraz, V.G. 1900. Materialy po izucheniiu chukotskogo yazyka i fol’klora, sobrannye v Kolymskom okruge V.G. Bogorazom. Ch. I. Obraztsy narodnoi slovesnosti chukoch [Materials on the Study of the Chukchi Language and Folklore, Collected in the Kolyma Okrug by V.G. Bogoraz. P. I. Samples of Folk Literature of the Chukchi]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk.
14. Bogoraz, V.G. 1939. Chukchi. Ch. II. Religiia [The Chukchi. P. II. Religion]. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Glavsevmorputi.
15. Bogoraz, V.G. 2011. Chukchi. Religiya [Chukchees: Religion]. Moscow: Knizhnyi dom “Librokom”.
16. Bulgakova, T.D. 2013. Nanai Shamanic Culture in Indigenous Discourse. Fürstenberg/Havel: Verlag Der Kulturstiftung Sibirien, SEC Publications.
17. Bulgakova, T.D. 2014. Prostranstvo, po kotoromu puteshestvuiut shamany: na primere nanaitsev [The Space along Which Shamans Travel: The Case of the Nanai]. Sibirica 13 (1): 1–39.
18. Bulgakova, T.D. 2016. Kamlaniia nanaiskikh shamanov [Kamlanye of Nanai Shamans]. Fürstenberg/Havel: Verlag Der Kulturstiftung Sibirien, SEC Publications.
19. Burykin, A.A. 2017. Khantyiskie skazki i fol’klor uralo-altaiskikh narodov [Khanty’s Fairy Tales and the Folklore of Ural-Altai Peoples]. Khanty-Mansiisk: OUPIIR, 2017.
20. Diakonov, I.M. 1990. Arkhaicheskie mify Vostoka i Zapada [Archaic Myths of the East and the West]. Moscow: Nauka.
21. Dolgih, B.O. 1962. Bytovye rasskazy entsev [Household Stories of the Enets]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR.
22. Dybo, A.V. 2018. Proto-Turkic Mythologie Terms: Some Etymological Observations. Shaman 26 (1–2): 21–40.
23. Dyrenkova, N.P. 1949. Materialy po shamanstvu u teleutov [Materials on Shamanism among the Teleut]. Sbornik muzeia antropologii i etnografii 10: 108–190.
24. Dyrenkova, N.P. 2012. Tyurki Sayano-Altaya [Turks of Sayano-Altai]. St. Petersburg: Nauka.
25. Eliade, M. (1951) 2000. Shamanizm: arkhaicheskie tekhniki ekstaza [Shamanism and Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy]. Kiev: Sofiia.
26. Funk, D.A. 1995. Materialy A.V. Anokhina po shorskomu shamanstvu [Materials of A.V. Anohin on Shor Shamanism]. In Shamanizm i rannie religioznye predstavleniya [Shamanism and Early Religious Beliefs], edited by D.A. Funk, 180–206. Moscow: IEA RAN.
27. Funk, D.A. 1997. Teleutskoe shamanstvo: traditsionnye etnograficheskie interpretatsii i novye issledovatel’skie vozmozhnosti [The Teleut Shamanism: Traditional Ethnographic Interpretations and New Research Possibilities]. Moscow: IEA RAN.
28. Funk, D.A. 1997. Neizvestnoe opisanie shamanskogo bubna teleutov iz arkhiva A.V. Anokhina [An Unknown Description of the Teleut Shaman Drum from the Archive of A.V. Anokhin]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 4: 40–47.
29. Funk, D.A. 2003. Tuvinskii shaman Shonchur Tozhu i ego buben (po materialam P.I. Karal’kina) [The Tuvan Shaman Named Shonchur Tozhu and His Drum (Based on Pyotr I. Karalkin’s Materials)]. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 48 (3–4): 451–464.
30. Funk, D. 2004. Teleut Shamanhood: Some Unknown Pages of Ethnographic Studies. Shaman (Budapest) 12 (1–2): 97–113.
31. Funk, D.A. 2005. Miry shamanov i skazitelei: kompleksnoe issledovanie teleutskikh i shorskikh materialov [The Worlds of Shamans and Story-Tellers (An Integrated Study of the Teleut and Shor Materials)]. Moscow: Nauka.
32. Gemuev, I.N., ed. 1988. Traditsionnoe mirovozzrenie tiurkov Yuzhnoi Sibiri. Prostranstvo i vremia. Veshchnyi mir [Traditional Worldview of the Turks of Southern Siberia: Space and Time: The World of Things]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
33. Goncharova, A.A., and M.E. Belyaeva. 2012. Obriad beregovykh koriakov “Khololo” (“Ololo”). Traditsiia i sovremennost’ [The Rite of the Coastal Koryak “Chololo” (“Ololo”): Tradition and Modernity]. In Koriakskii obriadovyi prazdnik “Khololo”. Etnograficheskii sbornik: metodicheskie rekomendatsii i stsenarii [The Koryak’s Ritual Celebration of “Chololo”: Ethnographic Collection: Methodological Recommendations and Scenarios], edited by G.M. Rasokhina, 28–44. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii: Kamchatpress.
34. Hamayon, R.N. 2001. Shamanism: Symbolic System, Human Capability and Western Ideology. In The Concept of Shamanism: Uses and Abuses, edited by H. Francfort, R. Hamayon, and P. Bahn, 1–27. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
35. Handelman, D. 1967. The Development of a Washo Shaman. Ethnology 6: 444–464.
36. Havelka, F.J. 1926. Sibir [Siberia]. Praha: Plamja.
37. Jochelson, V.I. 2005. Yukagiry i yukagirizovannye tungusy [Yukaghirs and the Yukaghirised Tungus]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
38. Ivanov, S.V. 1954. Materialy po izobrazitel’nomu iskusstvu narodov Sibiri XIX — nachala XX v [Materials on the Fine Arts of the Peoples of Siberia 19th — Early 20th Century]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AS UdSSR.
39. Ivanov, S.V. 1955. K voprosu o znachenii izobrazhenii na starinnykh predmetakh kul’ta u narodov Saiano-Altaiskogo nagor’ia [On the Meaning of the Images Depicted on Ancient Sacral Objects among the Peoples in the Altai-Sayan Mountains]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 16: 165–264.
40. Kaplan, A. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. San Francisco: Chandler.
41. Karialainen, K.F. 1996. Religiya yugorskikh narodov v 3-kh t. [Religion of Yugra Peoples. 3 vols.]. Vol. 3. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta.
42. Kastren, M.A. 1860. Puteshestvie Aleksandra Kastrena po Laplandii, severnoi Rossii i Sibiri (1838–1844, 1845–1849) [Traveling in Lapland, Northern Russia and Siberia (1838–1844, 1845–1849)]. Moscow: Tipografiia A. Semena.
43. Kharitonova, V.I. 2006. Feniks iz pepla? Sibirskii shamanizm na rubezhe tysiacheletii [Phoenix from the Ashes? Siberian Shamanism at the Turn of the Millennia]. Moscow: Nauka.
44. Khelimskii, E.A. 1982. Keto-Uralica. In Ketskii sbornik. Antropologiia. Etnografiia. Mifologiia. Lingvistika [The Ket Collection: Anthropology, Ethnography, Mythology, Linguistics], edited by E.A. Alekseenko, 238–251. Leningrad: Nauka.
45. Khomich, L.V. 1966. Nentsy [The Nentsy]. Moscow; Leningrad: Nauka.
46. Khomich, L.V. 1981. Shamany u nentsev [Shamans among the Nenets]. In Problemy istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniia aborigenov Sibiri [Problems in the History of Social Consciousness of the Aborigines of Siberia], edited by I.S. Vdovin, 5–41. Leningrad: Nauka.
47. Kreinovich, E.A. 1973. Nivkhgu [Nivkhgu]. Moscow: Nauka.
48. Kubarev, V.D. 2001. Shamanistskie siuzhety v petroglifakh i pogrebal’nykh rospisiakh Altaia [Shamanic Elements of the Petroglyphs and Burial Theme Paintings of Altai]. In Drevnosti Altaia. Izvestiia laboratorii arkheologii [Altai Antiquities: Newsletter of the Archaeology Lab], edited by V.I. Soenov, 6: 89–107. Gorno-Altaisk: Gorno-Altaiskii gosudarstvennyi universitet.
49. Kulemzin, V.M. 1976. Shamanstvo vasyugansko-vakhovskikh khantov (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.) [Shamanenhood by Khanty of Vasyugan-Vakh (End of 19th — Beginning of 20th Centures)]. In Iz istorii shamanstva [From the History of Shamanenhood], edited by N.V. Lukina, 3–154. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta.
50. Lekhtisalo, T. 1998. Mifologiya yurako-samoedov (nentsev) [Mythology by Yurak-Samoeds (Nenets)]. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta.
51. Lipskaia-Val’rond, N.A. 1925. Materialy k etnografii gol’dov [Materials for the Ethnographic Study of the Golds]. Sibirskaia zhivaia starina III–IV: 145–160.
52. Lvova, E.L. 1972. Materialy po izucheniyu shamanizma u korennogo naseleniya srednego Chulyma [Materials for the Study of Shamanism among the Indigenous People of the Middle Chulym]. In Nekotorye voprosy istorii Sibiri [Some Questions of Siberian History], 1: 160–172. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta.
53. Mainagashev, S.D. 1916. Zhertvoprinoshenie nebu u bel’tirov [Sacrifices to the Sky by Beltirs]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii III: 93–102.
54. Мanker, Е. 1950. Die lappische Zaubertrommel: Eine ethnologische Monographie [The Lapp Magic Drum: An Ethnological Monograph]. Vol. 2. Die Trommel als Urkunde geistigen Lebens [The Drum as a Certificate of Spiritual Life]. Stockholm: Die Trommel als Urkund geistigen Lebens.
55. Mazin, A.I. 1984. Traditsionnye verovaniya i obriady evenkov-orochonov (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.) [Traditional Beliefs and Rites of the Evenki-Orochon (End of 19th — Beginning of 20th Centuries)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
56. Menges, K.H. 1993. Drei Schamanengesänge der Ewenki-Tungusen Nordsibiriens [Three Shamanic Songs of the Ewenki-Tungus of Northern Siberia]. Düsseldorf: Eugen Diederichs Verlag.
57. Napolskih, V.V. 2012. Mifologema mirovogo dreva i mifologii narodov ural’skoi yazykovoi sem’i [Mythologema of the World Tree and Mythology of the Peoples of the Uralic Language Family]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 6: 19–28.
58. Novik, E.S. 1984. Obryad i fol’klor v sibirskom shamanizme [Ritual and Folklore in Siberian Shamanism]. Moscow: Nauka.
59. Popov, A.A. 1936. Tavgiitsy [Tavgis]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AS UdSSR.
60. Popov, A.A. 1984. Nganasany. Sotsial’noe ustroistvo i verovaniya [Nganasans: Social Device and Beliefs]. Leningrad: Nauka.
61. Potanin, G.N. 1883. Ocherki severo-zapadnoi Mongolii. Vyp. IV [Essays on North-Western Mongolia. Vol. 4]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia V. Bezobrazova i K°.
62. Potapov, L.P. 1935. Sledy totemisticheskikh predstavlenii u altaitsev [Traces of Totemistic Elements among the Altaians]. Sovetskaia etnografiia 4–5: 134–152.
63. Potapov, L.P. 1949. Buben teleutskoi shamanki [Teleut Shaman Drum]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 10: 191–200.
64. Potapov, L.P. 1963. Die Schamanentrommel bei den altaischen Völkerschaften [Shaman Drums among Altai Peoples]. In Glaubenswelt und Folklore der sibirischen Völkern [Worldview and Folklore among Siberian Peoples], edited by V. Diószegi, 223–256. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado.
65. Potapov, L.P. 1987. Andrei Viktorovich Anokhin kak issledovatel’ shamanstva u altaitsev (k 55-letiiu so dnia smerti) [Andrey Viktorovich Anokhin, the Researcher of Shamanism among the Altaians (Dedicated to the 55th Anniversary of His Death)]. In Problemy istorii Gornogo Altaia [Issues in the History of Highland Altai], edited by F.A. Satlaev, 145–149. Gorno-Altaisk: GANIIIYaL.
66. Potapov, L.P. 1991. Altaiskii shamanizm [Altai Shamanism]. Leningrad: Nauka.
67. Prokofeva, E.D. 1949. Kostyum sel’kupskogo (ostyako-samoedskogo) shamana [Costume of the Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed) Shaman]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 11: 335–375.
68. Prokofeva, E.D. 1951. Enetskii shamanskii kostyum [Shaman Costume by the Enets]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 13: 125–153.
69. Prokofeva, E.D. 1961. Predstavleniya sel’kupskikh shamanov o mire [Representations of the Selkup Shamans about the World]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii 20: 54–74.
70. Prokofeva, E.D. 1961. Shamanskie bubny narodov Sibiri [Shamans Drums of the Siberian Peoples]. In Istoriko-etnograficheskii atlas narodov Sibiri [Historical and Ethnographic Atlas of the Peoples of Siberia], edited by M.G. Levin and L.P. Potapov, 435–490. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AS UdSSR.
71. Prokofeva, E.D. 1971. Shamanskie kostiumy narodov Sibiri [The Shaman Dress of Siberian Peoples]. In Religioznye predstavleniia i obriady narodov Sibiri v XIX — nachale XX v. [Religious Beliefs and Rites of Siberia’s Peoples in the 19th — Early 20th Centuries], edited by L.P. Potapov and S.V. Ivanov, 5–100. Leningrad: Nauka.
72. Prokofeva, E.D. 1981. Materialy po shamanstvu sel’kupov [Materials on the Selkup Shamanenhood]. In Problemy istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniia aborigenov Sibiri [Problems in the History of Social Consciousness of the Aborigines of Siberia], edited by I.S. Vdovin, 42–68. Leningrad: Nauka.
73. Sem, Yu.A. 1990. Kosmogonicheskie predstavleniia nanaitsev: Verkhnii mir [Cosmogonic Notions of the Nanai: The Upper World]. In Religiovedcheskie issledovaniia v etnograficheskikh muzeiakh [Religious Studies in Ethnographic Museums], edited by B.V. Ivanov, 114–128. Leningrad: Muzei etnografii narodov SSSR.
74. Shatilov, M.B. 1976. Dramaticheskoe iskusstvo vakhovskikh ostiakov [Dramatic Art of the Vakh Ostyaks]. In Iz istorii shamanstva [From the History of Shamanenhood], edited by N.V. Lukina, 155–165. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta.
75. Shirokogoroff, S.M. 1935. Psyshomental Complex of the Tungus. London: Trubner & Co.
76. Shternberg, L.Yа. 1925. Kul’t orla u sibirskikh narodov [The Cult of the Eagle by the Siberian Peoples]. Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii V (2): 717–740.
77. Shternberg, L.Ya. 1933. Giliaki, orochi, gol’dy, negidal’tsy, ainy: stat’i i materialy [The Gilyak, Orochs, Golds, Negidaltsy, Ainu: Articles and Materials]. Khab’arovsk: Dal’giz.
78. Simchenko, Yu.B. 1996. Traditsionnye verovaniia nganasan [Traditional Beliefs by Nganasans]. Vol. 1. Moscow: IEA RAN.
79. Sivtsev (Suorun Omolloon), D.K, and P.E. Efremov, eds. 1990. Yakutskie skazki [Yakut Fairy Tales]. Yakutsk: Knizhnoe Izdatel’stvo.
80. Sleptsov, E.P. 2008. Obraz dereva v shamanstve yakutov [The Tree Image in Yakut’s Shamanism]. Izvestiia Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena 86: 101–106.
81. Smolyak, A.V. 1991. Shaman: lichnost’, funktsii, mirovozzrenie (narody Nizhnego Amura) [Shaman: Personality, Functions, Worldview (Peoples of the Lower Amur)]. Moscow: Nauka.
82. Soliarskii, V.V. 1916. Sovremennoe pravovoe i kul’turno-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie inorodtsev Priamurskogo kraia [Modern Legal, Cultural and Economic Situation of Foreigners of the Amur Region]. Khabarovsk: Tipografiia kantseliarii Priamurskogo general-gubernatora.
83. Tein, T.S. 1981. Shamany sibirskikh eskimosov [Shamans of Eskimos in Siberia]. In Problemy istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniia aborigenov Sibiri [Problems in the History of Social Consciousness of the Aborigines of Siberia], edited by I.S. Vdovin, 218–232. Leningrad: Nauka.
84. Toporov, V.N. 1980. Drevo mirovoe [World Tree]. In Mify narodov mira [Myths of Peoples of the World], edited by S.A. Tokarev, 1: 398–405. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia.
85. Tretiakov, P. 2006. Prazdnik chistogo chuma [Feast of the Pure Choom]. In Shamanizm narodov Sibiri [Shamanism of Siberian Peoples], edited by T.Y. Sem, 440–443. St. Petersburg: Filologicheskii fakul’tet SpbGU.
86. Tsintsius, V.I., ed. 1977. Sravnitel’nyi slovar’ tunguso-man’chzhurskikh yazykov v 2 t. [The Comparative Dictionary of Manchu-Tungus Languages]. T. 2. Leningrad: Nauka.
87. Vasilevich, G.M. 1969. Evenki [Evenks]. Leningrad: Nauka.
88. Vdovin, I.S. 1981. Chukotskie shamany i ikh sotsial’nye funktsii [Chukchi Shamans and Their Social Functions]. In Problemy istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniya aborigenov Sibiri [Problems in the History of Social Consciousness of the Aborigines of Siberia], edited by I.S. Vdovin, 178–217. Leningrad: Nauka.
89. Volkova, M.P., ed. 1961. Nishan’ Samani Bitkhe (predanie o nishanskoi shamanke) [The Tale about Nishan Shaman Women]. Moscow: Vostochnaia literaturа.
90. Wang, Penglin. 2006. Graficheskie metafory sostoianii shamana v petroglifakh i kontseptualizatsiia shamanizma s pomoshch’iu chisel [Graphical Metaphors of Shaman’s States in Petroglyphs and the Conceptualization of Shamanism with the Help of Numbers]. Antropologicheskii forum 5: 259–277.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up