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Egyptian Pottery in Nubia: Stages of Existence
 
PIIS086919080013619-7-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080013619-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Svetlana E. Malykh 
Occupation: Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Affiliation: Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Moscow, Russian Federation
Journal nameVostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost
EditionIssue 3
Pages6-15
Abstract

The article analyzes the stages of penetration and peculiarities of existence of ancient Egyptian pottery in Nubia – the southern neighbour of Egypt and the area of its expansionist interests. The first traces of such penetration were recorded at the beginning of the 3rd millennium B.C. and were associated with the founding of the Egyptian outposts in the middle reaches of the Nile. In the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. Nubia became a part of the Egyptian Empire, which led to the Egyptization of various aspects of Nubian life, including craft, and to the existence of traditional Egyptian ceramic types, mainly made on a pottery wheel. After the return of independence, the wheel-made pottery of the Napata Kingdom continued to demonstrate Egyptian features, but gradually there was an individual evolution.As a result, already in the Meroitic Period, this led to the forming of the original and unique style of Meroitic ceramics. Egyptian pottery, mainly from the southern regions bordering on Nubia (primarily from Aswan), continued to be imported into the Kingdom of Meroe; its presence on archaeological sites clearly demonstrates the active trade relations of the two neighbouring regions, and also, possibly, indicates that the Aswan pottery workshops could be oriented not only to the internal, but also to the external sales market, due to their proximity to the borders of Meroe. At the same time, Egyptian pottery is represented in Nubia in much smaller quantities than one would expect. This can be explained, on the one hand, by not always accurate attribution of archaeological finds. On the other hand, the Nubian ceramics has long roots and traditions; it was able to provide for the everyday needs of the unpretentiouslocal population. Although Egyptian influence can be traced in certain groups of Nubian pottery, but local pottery producing of the Meroitic time became highly developed and was competitive with imported samples in the domestic market.

KeywordsNubia, Napata, Meroe, Egypt, trade relations, import pottery, Aswan pottery, Barbotine ware
Received01.02.2021
Publication date22.06.2021
Number of characters16582
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1 Нубия – южный сосед Египта, отделенный от него 1-м порогом Нила, с ранних пор испытывал влияние более развитого соседа, заинтересованного в природных богатствах этой страны. Соответственно, вместе с северянами в Нубию попадали и предметы материальной культуры, в том числе керамические изделия, стиль и технологические особенности которых могли оказывать влияние на местное гончарное ремесло, изначально имевшее типично африканский облик, характерный в целом для обширной зоны Сахеля с неолитического времени. Традиционная керамика нубийского стиля сохраняла свое место в быту рядового населения независимо от смены государственных образований и оказалась мало подверженной воздействию внешних факторов, что нашло отражение в замедленной морфологической эволюции [Adams, 1964, p. 169; Edwards, 2014, p. 60; Malykh, 2017, p. 138–141].
2 Египетские гончарные изделия стали проникать на территорию южного соседа сравнительно рано – уже в начале III тыс. до н.э., что связано с основанием в Нубии период правления II династии укрепленного поселения Бухен в районе 2-го порога Нила. Южнее располагалось царство Керма (середина III – середина II тыс. до н. э.), на территории которого также обнаружено некоторое количество привозной египетской керамики и других предметов [Emery, Kirwan, 1935, p. 26; Lacovara, 2012, p. 82–83; Honegger, 2018, p. 25–26, fig. 5–6, 8].
3 Основание египетских городов-крепостей Миргисса, Аскут, Уронарти, Семна, Кумма и других в области 1-го–3-го порогов Нила еще в эпоху Среднего царства [Fisher, 2012, p. 21–22] способствовало появлению в этом регионе значительного количества предметов египетской материальной культуры [Knoblauch, 2018, p. 47–60, fig. 2–9], некоторые из которых достигали более южных областей в районе 4-го порога Нила [Emberling et al., 2014, p. 332, pl. 10] и даже восточных границ современного Судана – междуречья Атбары и реки Гаш (Махал Теглинос, область Кассала) [Manzo, 2018, p. 13–28]. Примечательно, что отдельные керамические изделия культуры Кермы были найдены в Египте, например, в Иераконполе и в Аварисе (Телль эль-Даб’а) [Giuliani, 2006, p. 223; Dirminti, 2014, p. 343–344, fig. 5–6; Schröder, 2018, p. 243–250], а в отдельных местах производились их имитации, как, например, на поселении у аметистового рудника в Вади эль-Худи (недалеко от Асуана) [Brand, 2018, p. 29–45]. Однако развитие царства Керма было прервано в 1550-е гг. до н. э. египетским завоеванием, а ее территория вошла в состав египетской державы эпохи Нового царства. Это привело к насаждению египетского политического уклада и религиозных верований, сооружению храмов по египетскому образцу [Wolf, 2006, p. 239; Smith, 2018], а также к доминированию предметов египетского облика, либо привозных, либо сделанных здесь же1. 1. Подробнее см.: [Knoblauch, Lacovara, 2012, p. 204–205, fig. 141; Miellé, 2014, p. 387–389, fig. 2–4; Rose, 2018, p. 135–142, fig. 1–4; Ruffieux, 2014, p. 418–428; Spence, Rose, 2014, p. 410–412, fig. 1].
4 В нубийских поседениях и некрополях времени Нового царства (середина XVI–XI вв. до н. э.), например, на острове Саи, в Анибе, Бухене, Аскуте, Миссиминии, Сесеби, Керме, Томбосе преобладали керамические изделия египетского облика, как привозные, так и местные, в основном наиболее массовых типов – плоскодонные пивные кувшины, хлебопечные формы-конусы, полусферические и плоскодонные чаши, шарообразные горшки, небольшие фляги, мешкообразные продолговатые сосуды, кувшины для хранения продуктов, жаровни и кольцеобразные подставки под круглодонные формы [Thill, 2006, p. 205–207, fig. 2–3; Budka, 2018, p. 108–113, fig. 1–9]. Встречалась здесь и расписная керамика (полихромная, бихромная, а также т. н. Blue-painted ware), покрытая растительным и геометрическим узором, реже – антропоморфными и зооморфными сюжетами [Shortland, Hope, Tite, 2006, p. 93; Ruffieux, 2016, p. 512; Budka, 2018, p. 112, fig. 8–9; Smith, 2018, p. 75–76, pl. 3–5]. Возможно, именно от этой орнаментированной керамики происходит мероитская традиция расписных гончарных изделий2. 2. Об этом см.: [Малых, 2018, с. 45–47].

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