Советское руководство по социальной гигиене 1927 г.: трансфер идей и новая методология

В статье анализируется первое оригинальное советское (марксистское) учебное руководство по социальной гигиене – «Социальная гигиена: руководство для студентов-медиков и врачей» – вышедшее в 1927 г. под редакцией А. В. Молькова. Проведено сравнение этого руководства с немецкими книгами по социальной гигиене, переводы которых на русский язык вышли в 1920-х гг. Исследование эволюции советской социальной гигиены в части структуры образовательных программ, а также содержания учебной литературы в контексте истории общественного здоровья стран Европы и Северной Америки приводит к выводу о приведении в первой половине 1920-х гг. повестки советской социальной гигиены к общеевропейской. Руководство под редакцией Молькова можно рассматривать как кульминацию этого процесса модернизации советской социальной гигиены по немецкому образцу – по содержанию оно почти полностью соответствует книге Б. Хайеса «Краткий курс социальной гигиены» (1923). Оно окончательно зафиксировало отход от дореволюционной традиции «общественной медицины» и принятие распространенной тогда в странах Европы и Америки повестки проблем и путей их решения в области здоровья населения. Самое значимое отличие советского руководства от немецких книг – в научных методах. Один из идеологов немецкой социальной гигиены А. Гротьян описывал суть этой дисциплины как сплав гигиены и общественных наук (экономика, правоведение, политология, социология и др.). В советской версии социальной гигиены методология общественных наук была заменена на догматы коммунистической идеологии и советские нормативные правовые акты. Но попытка подменить методологию общественных наук на марксистский подход в изучении социальной гигиены оказалась неудачной – если в 1920-х гг. это выглядело как новация в духе времени, то с годами заложенные противоречия между двумя подходами только усугублялись.

Ключевые слова

Наркомздрав, социальная гигиена, Н. А. Семашко, общественное здоровье, санитарная статистика

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Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 19-18-00031.

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21.09.2022

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23.09.2022

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ГОСТ	Кирик Ю. В. , Ратманов П. Э. Советское руководство по социальной гигиене 1927 г.: трансфер идей и новая методология // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники – 2022. – Tом 43. – №3 C. 568-598 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://vietmag.org/S020596060014926-0-1 (дата обращения: 03.05.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S020596060014926-0
MLA	Kirik, Yulia, Ratmanov, Pavel "The 1927 Soviet Manual on Social Hygiene: The Transfer of Ideas and a New Methodology." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 43.3 (2022):568-598. DOI: 10.31857/S020596060014926-0
APA	Kirik Y., Ratmanov P. (2022). The 1927 Soviet Manual on Social Hygiene: The Transfer of Ideas and a New Methodology. Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 43(3), pp.568-598 DOI: 10.31857/S020596060014926-0

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