Работы по «переносу памяти» в институте экспериментальной медицины: история и анализ методологических ошибок

 
Код статьиS020596060008422-6-1
DOI10.31857/S020596060008422-6
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Должность: независимый исследователь
Аффилиация:
Адрес: Российская Федерация,
Название журналаВопросы истории естествознания и техники
ВыпускТом 41 №1
Страницы9-56
Аннотация

Данная работа посвящена анализу длительного исследования, проводившегося в физиологическом отделе им. И. П. Павлова Института экспериментальной медицины в Ленинграде (Санкт-Петербурге) по так называемому переносу памяти – поиску субстрата памяти в белковых (пептидных) молекулах, образующихся в нервной системе при обучении. Приводится краткая история работы и рассматриваются методологические ошибки, причины неудач и достижений.

До начала этих исследований из публикаций было известно, что значительное число работ по переносу памяти было выполнено на сложных поведенческих или условнорефлекторных моделях. В 60-е гг. ХХ в. были получены многочисленные данные по переносу памяти или научения от одного животного к другому. Дж. Унгар был первым, кто отказался от идеи, что роль переносчиков принадлежит рибонуклеиновым кислотам, и предложил на эту роль пептиды. Позже было показано, что методика, с помощью которой Унгар продемонстрировал «прямой перенос» информации, оказалась недостаточно корректной. Однако в то время существовало мнение, что неудачи связаны не с принципиальной невозможностью переноса памяти, а с недоработками методики. Теория Унгара оказалась тем фундаментом, на котором в физиологическом отделе им. И. П. Павлова были начаты исследования молекул «прямого переноса памяти» на другой модели, как тогда полагали, лишенной недостатков предшествующих моделей.

Только после получения результата, который не вписывался в базисную гипотезу и тем самым послужил причиной прекращения исследований по переносу памяти, встал вопрос о причине неудачи. Первоначально при поиске такой причины предположили, что исходно была выбрана неподходящая модель, на которой можно было показать с помощью воздействия донорским материалом лишь модуляцию имеющегося навыка, а не привнесение нового. Только позже стало понятно, что дело не в недоработках методики. Проблемы состояли в том, что сама задача исходно методологически была поставлена неверно с точки зрения психофизиологической проблемы, были некорректно совмещены планы ментального и физического; не было понятно, что авторы понимали под памятью и перенос чего, собственно, изучали. Кроме этого, показаны и позитивные результаты, дана краткая сводка данных, полученных в исследованиях помимо работ по идентификации «молекулы памяти» и имеющих самостоятельную ценность и как экспериментальные результаты, и как новые факты для клинического использования.

Ключевые словаистория экспериментов по биохимическому переносу памяти, память, перенос памяти, методология, модель позной асимметрии, анализ ошибок, психофизиологическая проблема
Источник финансированияАвтор выражает благодарность Юрию Павловичу Голикову, Нонне Алексеевне Отмаховой и особенно Игорю Игоревичу Степанову за многочисленные консультации.
Получено24.03.2020
Дата публикации25.03.2020
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